The idea of an artifact made conscious is an ancient theme of mythology, appearing for example in the Greek myth of Pygmalion, who carved a statue that was magically brought to life, and in medieval Jewish stories of the Golem, a magically animated homunculus built of clay.

ELIZA was named after Eliza Doolittle, a working-class character in George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion, who is taught to speak with an upper-class accent.

Although several reviews were critical of the film – Pauline Kael said it " staggers along " and Stanley Kauffmann thought Cukor's direction was like " a rich gravy poured over everything, not remotely as delicately rich as in the Asquith-Howard 1937 Pygmalion " — the film was a box office hit which won him the Academy Award for Best Director, the Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and the Directors Guild of America Award after having been nominated for each several times.

1935's Hoi Polloi utilized the Pygmalion premise of a stuffy professor waging a bet that he can transform the uncultured trio into refined gentlemen ; the plotline worked so well that it was reused twice, as Half-Wits Holiday and Pies and Guys.

used dialogue from Lynn Riggs's Green Grow the Lilacs, Carousel used dialogue from Ferenc Molnár's Liliom, My Fair Lady took most of its dialogue word-for-word from George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, Man of La Mancha took most of its dialogue from the 1959 television play I, Don Quixote ( from which it was adapted ), and the 1954 musical version of Peter Pan used J. M.

When Shaw heard, in 1921, that Franz Lehár wanted to set his play Pygmalion to music, he sent word to Vienna that Lehár be instructed that he could not touch Pygmalion without infringing Shaw's copyright and that Shaw had " no intention of allowing the history of The Chocolate Soldier to be repeated "( only after Shaw's death was Pygmalion eventually adapted by Lerner and Loewe as My Fair Lady ).

Their adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, with the leads, Henry Higgins and Eliza Doolittle, being played originally by Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews, was a huge hit in New York and London.

By far his biggest hit was the musical My Fair Lady ( 1956 ), adapted from George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe.

When Pygmalion was playing at one of his theatres, because Eliza says " Not bloody likely!

Among his best-known roles was Ashley Wilkes in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) and roles in Berkeley Square ( 1933 ), Of Human Bondage ( 1934 ), The Scarlet Pimpernel ( 1934 ), The Petrified Forest ( 1936 ), Pygmalion ( 1938 ), Intermezzo ( 1939 ), " Pimpernel " Smith ( 1941 ) and The First of the Few ( 1942 ).

See the Pygmalion article for the proposal of J. M. Peñuela that 825 BCE was the date Dido left Tyre, but she did not start construction of Carthage until 11 years later, in 814 BCE

The name Baa ‘ li-maanzer was interpreted by eminent philologists such as Frank Moore Cross as referring to Baal-Eser II / Balazeros, grandfather of Pygmalion.

According to Josephus / Manetho, it was during Pygmalion ’ s seventh year that Dido fled from Tyre.

Consequently, the dates of Pygmalion have always been computed based on the date calculated for Dido ’ s flight, which was assumed to take place in the same that she founded Carthage.

But when 814 BCE was taken as Pygmalion ’ s seventh year, the dates for his father and grandfather, as based on the best texts of Josephus / Manetho, were not compatible with his grandfather being on the throne in 841 BCE and giving tribute to Shalmaneser in that year.

For this reason, several scholars reexamined the 825 BCE date for Dido ’ s flight ( Pygmalion ’ s seventh year ) and found that 825 BCE was consistent with the Assyrian inscription.

Pygmalion ( also known as Pu ' mayyaton ) was king of Tyre from 831 to 785 BC and a son of King Mattan I ( 840-832 BC ).

Since there was only one king of Tyre with this hypocoristicon in the 9th century BC, Cross restores the name to pmy ( y ) tn or p ‘ mytn, which is rendered in the Greek tradition as Pygmalion.

The first Balazeros was a son of Hiram I, contemporary of David and Solomon, so this was too early, but the second name referred to the grandfather of Pygmalion and was therefore in the right date range.

Liver advanced a second reason to favor the 825 date, related to the inscription of Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria, mentioned above, where it was mentioned that philological studies have equated this Ba ’ li-manzer with Balazeros ( Baal-Eser II ), grandfather of Pygmalion.

A point of interest is that it is probably Daniel Jones ( and not as is often thought Henry Sweet ) who provided George Bernard Shaw with the basis for his fictional character Henry Higgins in " Pygmalion ".

Pretty Woman bears striking resemblances to Pygmalion myths: particularly George Bernard Shaw's play of the same name, which also formed the basis for the Broadway musical My Fair Lady.

The cities now host Pygmalion Music Festival on an annual basis, presented by the Nicodemus Agency and Krannert Center for the Performing Arts.

He was acknowledged by Shaw as the prototype of Professor Henry Higgins of Pygmalion ( the basis for the musical My Fair Lady ).

Their adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion retained his social commentary and added appropriate songs for the characters of Henry Higgins and Liza Doolittle, played originally by Rex Harrison and Julie Andrews.

* Pygmalion ( play ) by George Bernard Shaw ( for the use of bloody )

For example, the characters in Lerner and Loewe's musical My Fair Lady, which is based on George Bernard Shaw's 1914 play Pygmalion, are essentially unchanged from those in Shaw's stage work, because the musical version is quite faithful to the original ( except for the changed ending, which is pessimistic in the play ), even to the point of retaining most of Shaw's dialogue.

Noted novelists and playwrights nominated in this category include: George Bernard Shaw ( who shared an award for an adaptation of his play Pygmalion ), Graham Greene, Tennessee Williams, Vladimir Nabokov, James Hilton, Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, Lillian Hellman, Irwin Shaw, James Agee, Norman Corwin, S. J.

He received good reviews as John Tanner in Man and Superman and Henry Higgins in Pygmalion, and won a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell ( 1989 ).

He played the title character in The Scarlet Pimpernel ( 1934 ) and later Professor Henry Higgins in the film version of George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion ( 1938 ), which earned him another Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.

* Pygmalion for discussion of date of founding of Carthage used by Menander

In Virgil's epic poem The Aeneid, Pygmalion is the cruel-hearted brother of Dido who secretly kills Dido's husband Sychaeus because of his lust for gold.

The best texts of Menander / Josephus give six years for Balazeros, followed by nine years for his son and successor Mattenos ( Mattan I ), making 22 years between the start of Balazeros ’ s reign and the seventh year of Pygmalion.

This understanding of the chronology related to Dido and her company resulted in the following dates for Pygmalion, Dido, and their immediate relations, as derived from F. M. Cross and Wm.

See the chronological justification for these dates in the Pygmalion article.

Bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by and / or a fan of Talk Talk include Portishead, Bark Psychosis, Catherine Wheel, Slowdive ( on their last album, Pygmalion ), Radiohead, DJ Shadow, Elbow, Shearwater and Death Cab for Cutie.

Illustration for Pygmalion ( play ) | Pygmalion, depicting Mrs Campbell as Eliza

( In 1956, after Howard's death, Lerner and Loewe set Pygmalion to music in My Fair Lady.

* Whiteleys is frequently seen in film, e. g. Love Actually, Closer, and was referred to in My Fair Lady as Eliza Dolittle is sent " to Whiteleys to be attired " in Pygmalion.

Eliza Doolittle, the central character in George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and the musical adaptation by Alan Jay Lerner, My Fair Lady, is a Covent Garden flower seller.

In 1912 George Bernard Shaw donated the royalties from Pygmalion to RADA ; the Academy ultimately benefitted substantially from the success of My Fair Lady.

The road is featured briefly in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows when Harry and his friends were escaping from Death Eaters, by J. K. Rowling ; The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins ; Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf ; Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw and its musical adaptation, My Fair Lady ; Saturday and Atonement by Ian McEwan ; several Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ; the Saki story Reginald on Christmas Presents ; several stories by John Collier ; A Room with a View by E. M. Forster ; The London Eye Mystery, The Late Mr Elvesham by Herbert G. Wells by Siobhan Dowd ; The Wish House by Celia Rees ; a The Matrix-based story, Goliath by Neil Gaiman ; features often in novels by Mark Billingham and The Lonely Londoners by Sam Selvon.

Although work was supposed to continue on on the Lane – Lerner Li ' l Abner, this version never appeared, and My Fair Lady, Lerner and Loewe's adaptation of Pygmalion, opened in 1956, becoming the hit musical of the decade.

* Eliza Doolittle, a fictional flower vendor, and main character of the play Pygmalion and its musical adaptation, My Fair Lady

Misty's plot was more elaborate than most ; it was based directly on George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, as well as the Broadway and Hollywood success My Fair Lady.

In England, the Cockney vowel shift among working-class Londoners is familiar from its prominence in plays such as George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion ( and the related musical My Fair Lady ):

* Elizabeth " Eliza " Doolittle in the play Pygmalion and the musical inspired by it, My Fair Lady

" Pygmalion was eventually adapted by Lerner and Loewe as My Fair Lady, but this was possible only because they were, at least in theory, adapting a screenplay co-authored by Shaw, with rights controlled by the film company.

It is a modern adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion and George Cukor's 1964 film My Fair Lady.

* The fictional character: see Pygmalion ( play ) or My Fair Lady

Later stage roles included The Headmaster in A Voyage Round My Father, and Colonel Pickering in Pygmalion with Alec McCowen and Diana Rigg.

: For the fictional character Henry Higgins, see Pygmalion or My Fair Lady.