Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

Pope Pius XI, in Quadragesimo Anno, provided the classical statement of the principle: " Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do.

Pope Pius XI further stated, again in Quadragesimo Anno, " every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the body social, and never destroy and absorb them.

* Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) papal encyclical by Pope Pius XI

Two Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) of Pope Pius XI, offered a basis for social and political doctrine.

* The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno ( On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally " in the fortieth year ") of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just.

He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno, highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, and social justice issues, and Quas Primas, establishing the feast of Christ the King.

In one of his most important encyclicals on the social order of modern society, Quadragesimo Anno, he stated that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved.

For most of its existence, the People's Party has explicitly defined itself as Catholic and anti-socialist ; the ideal of subsidiarity as defined by the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno is generally considered one of the historical cornerstones of its agenda.

Forty years later, the corporatist tendencies of Rerum Novarum were underscored by Pope Pius XI's May 25, 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (" In the Fortieth Year "), which restated the hostility of Rerum Novarum to both unbridled competition and class struggle.

It was again denounced in the 1931 letter Quadragesimo Anno.

The position of the Roman Catholic Church on this matter was further clarified in subsequent encyclicals, such as Quadragesimo Anno, by Pope Pius XI in 1931, Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI in 1967, Centesimus Annus, by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and Caritas in Veritate by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009.

Many of the positions in Rerum Novarum were supplemented by later encyclicals, in particular Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ), John XXIII's Mater et Magistra ( 1961 ), and John Paul II's Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ).

On social issues, Pope Leo XIII promulgated Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ), which was followed by the Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) of Pius XI, and the Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ) of John Paul II.

** Quadragesimo Anno 1931

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term " subsidiarity " in English follows the " German usage Subsidiarität ( 1809 or earlier in legal use ; 1931 in the context of Catholic social doctrine, in § 80 of Rundschreiben über die gesellschaftliche Ordnung, the German version of Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ))".

This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by Pope Pius XII in 1931 Quadragesimo Anno and again in 1961, by Pope John XXIII writing in the encyclical Mater et Magistra.

Quadragesimo Anno ( Latin for “ In the 40th Year ”) is an encyclical written by Pope Pius XI, issued 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum.

* Text of Quadragesimo Anno

* Notable Quotations from Quadragesimo Anno

fr: Quadragesimo Anno

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* Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 )

Nacionalismo based its twin policy of opposition to liberalism and socialism along with promotion of social justice on the papal encyclicals of 1891 ( Rerum Novarum ) and 1931 ( Quadragesimo Anno ).

He openly criticized certain papal periodicals and encyclicals, including Rerum Novarum ( Leo XIII ), Quadragesimo Anno ( Pius XI ), and Divini Redemptoris ( Pius XI ).

All essential power lay with the Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ), who appointed his government single-handedly, and the Federal President ( Bundespräsident ), who named the Chancellor. As Antonio de Salazar's 1933 constitution ( and the Estado Novo regime in whole ), the Maiverfassung promoted a Catholic corporatism which bore a strong resemblance to the principles outlined in Quadragesimo Anno, rejecting capitalism and socialism.

Originally catering to Roman Catholic constituencies, the IFCTU was designed to provide an alternative to the secular trade unions in Europe at the time, basing its foundation on the Rerum Novarum and the Quadragesimo Anno.

To mark the 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum, Pope Pius XI issued Quadragesimo Anno, which expanded on some of its themes.

Indeed, Distributism in Catholic social teaching such as Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno resembles a Mutualist society based on Cooperatives, while Pope John Paul II's Catechism of the Catholic Church states " She ( the Church ) has ... refused to accept, in the practice of " capitalism ," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor.

Rerum Novarum, Quadragesimo Anno, Centesimus Annus and Caritas in Veritate are Catholic Social Teaching documents which advocate a just distribution of income and wealth.

His condition deteriorated until he died at the Catholic Worker's Maryfarm near Newburgh, New York, on May 15, 1949, " the Feast of St. Dymphna, patroness of mental health, the anniversary also of St. John Baptiste de la Salle and the Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno ... Many remarked the strange convergence of anniversaries.

Arguably, Quadragesimo anno is a proposals for a corporativist " third way " between liberal capitalism and communism and an indirect support for the fascist, or more to the point, clerofascist social order.

* Common Era ( CE ) ( also Christian Era or Current Era ), secular alternative to Anno Domini ( AD )

Since about the 3rd century CE, the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for “ in the year of the world ,” abbreviated AM or A. M .; Hebrew ), sometimes referred to as the “ Hebrew era .” According to Rabbinic reckoning, the beginning of " year 1 " is not Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ).

In the Gregorian calendar, it is the 2015th year in the Common Era ( or Anno Domini ), the 15th year of the 3rd millennium and 21st century, and the 6th of the 2010s decade.

It will be the 2016th year of the Common Era ( or Anno Domini ), the 16th of the 3rd millennium and 21st century, and the 7th of the 2010s.

It is the 2018th year of Common Era ( also called Anno Domini ), the 18th of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century and the 9th of the 2010s.

It is the 2019th year of Common Era ( also called Anno Domini ), the 19th of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century and the 10th of the 2010s.

It is the 2020th year of Common Era ( also called Anno Domini ), the 20th of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century.

Extra-biblical tradition maintains that he died on the 11th of Cheshvan of the year 1656 ( Anno Mundi, after Creation ), at the age of 969, seven days before the beginning of the Great Flood.

The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo ( planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo ' 58 ), in the city of Mechelen announced a " cultural guerrilla strike " by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 photoshoppers to paint over the balls.

Two excellent early examples of this form, belonging respectively to Archbishop St. Heribert ( 1021 ) and Archbishop St. Anno ( d. 1075 ), are preserved in Siegburg, Archdiocese of Cologne.

Three of the four mecha designers credited on Char's Counterattack went on to direct their own anime series: Hideaki Anno ( Neon Genesis Evangelion ), Yutaka Izubuchi ( RahXephon ) and Koichi Ohata ( Burst Angel along with several other OVAs ).

Mecano also recorded many of their songs in Italian, such as: Figlio Della Luna ( Hijo De La Luna ), Croce Di Lame de Navajas (" Cross of Knives "), Un Anno Di Più Año Más (" One More Year ( is gone )"), Uno Di Quegli Amanti Amantes (" The Lovers "), Per Lei Contro Di Lei Contra Mujer, Il Cinema Cine, Vado A Nuova York Hay Marcha En Nueva York (" Though Luck in New York "), Fermati A Madrid En Madrid (" Stay in Madrid "), Mi Costa Tanto di Scordarti Cuesta Tanto Olvidarte, Responso Positivo Fallo Positivo (" Positive Sentence "), Anna e Miguel Muerta (" Still Life "), Una Rosa e Una Rosa Rosa es Una Rosa (" A Rose is a Rose "), Tu (" You ") ( Italian version ), " Dalai Lama " ( Italian version ), Il 7 Di Settembre 7 De Septiembre and " La Forza Del Destino " Fuerza del Destino.

The Anno Dracula series by Kim Newman — named after Anno Dracula ( 1992 ), the series ' first novel — is a work of fantasy depicting an alternate history in which the heroes of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula fail to stop Count Dracula's conquest of Great Britain, resulting in a world where vampires are common and increasingly dominant in society.

Summoning recorded two demos ( Upon the Viking's Stallion and Anno Mortiri Domini ), as well as a split with the Austrian band Pazuzu ( The Urilia Text ) and a five-track promo tape for Lugburz.

* Current-ac ( alternating current ), dc ( direct current ), ad ( Anno Domini ) or amp

* Co-author of such works as " Anno 2001 – en socialdemokratisk science fiction " ( Anno 2001 – Social Democratic Science Fiction ), 1986.