Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

* Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) papal encyclical by Pope Pius XI

Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ), was written to mark ' forty years ' since Pope Leo XIII's ( 1878 – 1903 ) encyclical Rerum novarum, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity.

For most of its existence, the People's Party has explicitly defined itself as Catholic and anti-socialist ; the ideal of subsidiarity as defined by the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno is generally considered one of the historical cornerstones of its agenda.

Forty years later, the corporatist tendencies of Rerum Novarum were underscored by Pope Pius XI's May 25, 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (" In the Fortieth Year "), which restated the hostility of Rerum Novarum to both unbridled competition and class struggle.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term " subsidiarity " in English follows the " German usage Subsidiarität ( 1809 or earlier in legal use ; 1931 in the context of Catholic social doctrine, in § 80 of Rundschreiben über die gesellschaftliche Ordnung, the German version of Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ))".

This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by Pope Pius XII in 1931 Quadragesimo Anno and again in 1961, by Pope John XXIII writing in the encyclical Mater et Magistra.

Quadragesimo Anno ( Latin for “ In the 40th Year ”) is an encyclical written by Pope Pius XI, issued 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum.

Indeed, Distributism in Catholic social teaching such as Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno resembles a Mutualist society based on Cooperatives, while Pope John Paul II's Catechism of the Catholic Church states " She ( the Church ) has ... refused to accept, in the practice of " capitalism ," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor.

In a partial reaction, Pope Pius XI wrote the encyclical Casti connubii ( On Christian Marriage ) in 1930, reaffirming the Catholic Church's belief in various traditional Christian teachings on marriage and sexuality, including the prohibition of artificial birth control even within marriage.

Likewise the draft encyclical Humani Generis Unitas (" On the Unity of the Human Race "), which was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General Wlodimir Ledochowski.

He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical Summi Pontificatus, which he titled " On the Unity of Human Society.

On 8 September 1953, the encyclical Fulgens corona announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception.

On April 20, 1884 Pope Leo XIII published an encyclical, Humanum Genus, that said that the human race was

* December 30 – Pope John Paul II issues the encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis ( On Social Concern ).

Redemptoris Missio, subtitled On the permanent validity of the Church's missionary mandate, is a papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II published on December 7, 1990 devoted to the subject of " the urgency of missionary activity " and in which he wished " to invite the Church to renew her missionary commitment

* Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum ( On the Condition of the Working Classes ), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, while defending labor unions and private property.

On the other hand, he also condemned European nationalism that was rampant in the 1920s and asked for European Unification in his 1920 encyclical Pacem Dei Munus.

On 24 May 1829 he issued an encyclical, Traditi humilitati.

On June 15, 1520, Pope Leo X issued a rebuttal to Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, a papal encyclical titled Exsurge Domine (" Arise, O Lord "), from its opening words.

On May 15, 2006, also Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to Father Peter Hans Kolvenbach, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, on the 50th Anniversary of the encyclical Haurietis Aquas, about the Sacred Heart, by Pope Pius XII.

On 15 August 1832, the Pope, without naming them, condemned their ideas in the encyclical Mirari Vos, most notably their demands for freedom of conscience and freedom of the press.

Further thoughts in the same vein were expressed in Pius ' encyclical of 21 November 1873, Etsi multa (" On the Church in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland "), which is often appended to the Syllabus.

On May 15, 1891, Leo XIII issued an encyclical on political issues known as Rerum Novarum ( Latin: " About New Things ").

Rerum Novarum ( Latin for On the New Things ) is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on May 15, 1891.

On 11 October 1954, the Pontiff pronounced the new feast in his encyclical Ad caeli reginam.

He was denounced by Pope Pius XI in the encyclical Iniquis Afflictisque ( On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico ) as being " unjust ", for a " hateful " attitude and for the " ferocity " of the war which he waged against the Church.

Rerum Novarum ( On the New Things ), for example, an encyclical written in 1891 by Pope Leo XIII made a critique on social ills and then discussed and promoted “ the Catholic doctrine on work, the right to property, the principle of collaboration instead of class struggle as the fundamental means for social change, the rights of the weak, the dignity of the poor and the obligations of the rich, the perfecting of justice through charity, on the right to form professional associations ” ( pa. 144 ).

On 2 and 5 July 1408, they addressed to the princes and prelates an encyclical letter summoning them to a general council at Pisa on 25 March 1409.

On December 17, 2007, in a statement on the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines ( CBCP ) website, Pampanga archbishop Paciano Aniceto stated that Pope Benedict XVI assured Filipinos that God and the Church are still with them-in his encyclical " Spe Salvi facti sumus ( In hope we are saved ).

On April 11, 1963, Pope John expanded further on this in Pacem in Terris (), the first encyclical addressed to both Catholics and non-Catholics.

Providentissimus Deus, " On the Study of Holy Scripture ", was an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 18 November 1893.

" Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish Government's deprivation of the privileges of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis ( On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain ).

In the interim there were other papal statements from Leo XIII, and also the encyclical Singulari Quadam of Pope Pius X. Pius XI subtitled his encyclical Reconstruction of the Social Order.

In 1961, Pope John XXIII, writing on the topic “ Christianity and Social Progress ,” produced an encyclical entitled Mater et Magistra ( Mother and Teacher ), which taught that the “ Church is called in truth, justice and love to cooperate in building with all men and women an authentic communion.

In 1891, Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum was incorrectly seen to have legitimised the Social Catholic movement, which in France could be traced back to Hughes Felicité Robert de Lamennais ' efforts under the July Monarchy.

* Ecclesiam Suam, an encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the Catholic Church given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, August 6, 1964, the second year of his Pontificate

Ad Beatissimi Apostolorum is an encyclical of Benedict XV given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of All Saints on 1 November 1914, in the first year of his Pontificate.

Quod Iam Diu was an encyclical given at Rome at St. Peter's on 1 December 1918, the fifth year of his Pontificate.

Later that year, Spellman was charged with smuggling Non Abbiamo Bisogno, the papal encyclical condemning Benito Mussolini, out of Rome and to Paris, where he then delivered it to the press ; he was subsequently attacked by Italian newspapers.

Pius closed the encyclical by declaring a Jubilee year for 1865, with a plenary indulgence.

In September of the same year Pius X promulgated an encyclical Pascendi Dominici gregis, followed in 1910 by the introduction of an anti-Modernist oath to be taken by all Catholic bishops, priests and academic teachers of religion.

The same year, an encyclical by Pope Pius XI criticized Fascist Italy as developing " a pagan worship of the state " which it called " statolatry ".

The year 1907 was a crucial one for a young Roman Catholic who longed to become a writer, especially one whose idols had been poets such as Richard Dehmel and Frank Wedekind ; for it was in 1907 that Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Pascendi Dominici Gregis bitterly condemning modernism in the arts.

In relation to elective abortion, Pope John Paul II wrote about ensoulment in his 1995 encyclical letter Evangelium Vitae that: Throughout Christianity's two thousand year history, this same doctrine of condemning all direct abortions has been constantly taught by the Fathers of the Church and by her Pastors and Doctors.

* 1987 Marian year announced by John Paul II in the encyclical Redemptoris Mater

The previous year, another encyclical, Rerum novarum had denounced capitalistic society and the socialist ideology, and advocated creation of Catholic popular organizations.

Humani generis redemptionem is a encyclical by Pope Benedict XV given at St. Peter's, Rome, on June 15, on the Feast of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in the year 1917, in the third of his Pontificate.