Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

Pope Pius XI, in Quadragesimo Anno, provided the classical statement of the principle: " Just as it is gravely wrong to take from individuals what they can accomplish by their own initiative and industry and give it to the community, so also it is an injustice and at the same time a grave evil and disturbance of right order to assign to a greater and higher association what lesser and subordinate organizations can do.

Pope Pius XI further stated, again in Quadragesimo Anno, " every social activity ought of its very nature to furnish help to the members of the body social, and never destroy and absorb them.

* Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) papal encyclical by Pope Pius XI

Two Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) of Pope Pius XI, offered a basis for social and political doctrine.

* The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno ( On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally " in the fortieth year ") of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just.

He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno, highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, and social justice issues, and Quas Primas, establishing the feast of Christ the King.

In one of his most important encyclicals on the social order of modern society, Quadragesimo Anno, he stated that social and economic issues are vital to the Church not from a technical point of view but in terms of moral and ethical issues involved.

Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ), was written to mark ' forty years ' since Pope Leo XIII's ( 1878 – 1903 ) encyclical Rerum novarum, and restated that encyclical's warnings against both socialism and unrestrained capitalism, as enemies to human freedom and dignity.

For most of its existence, the People's Party has explicitly defined itself as Catholic and anti-socialist ; the ideal of subsidiarity as defined by the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno is generally considered one of the historical cornerstones of its agenda.

Forty years later, the corporatist tendencies of Rerum Novarum were underscored by Pope Pius XI's May 25, 1931 encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (" In the Fortieth Year "), which restated the hostility of Rerum Novarum to both unbridled competition and class struggle.

It was again denounced in the 1931 letter Quadragesimo Anno.

The position of the Roman Catholic Church on this matter was further clarified in subsequent encyclicals, such as Quadragesimo Anno, by Pope Pius XI in 1931, Populorum Progressio by Pope Paul VI in 1967, Centesimus Annus, by Pope John Paul II in 1991, and Caritas in Veritate by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009.

Many of the positions in Rerum Novarum were supplemented by later encyclicals, in particular Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ), John XXIII's Mater et Magistra ( 1961 ), and John Paul II's Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ).

On social issues, Pope Leo XIII promulgated Rerum Novarum ( 1891 ), which was followed by the Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ) of Pius XI, and the Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ) of John Paul II.

** Quadragesimo Anno 1931

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term " subsidiarity " in English follows the " German usage Subsidiarität ( 1809 or earlier in legal use ; 1931 in the context of Catholic social doctrine, in § 80 of Rundschreiben über die gesellschaftliche Ordnung, the German version of Pope Pius XI's encyclical Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 ))".

This position has been widely supported by the church since that time, and has been reaffirmed by the papacy on multiple occasions, such as by Pope Pius XII in 1931 Quadragesimo Anno and again in 1961, by Pope John XXIII writing in the encyclical Mater et Magistra.

* Text of Quadragesimo Anno

* Notable Quotations from Quadragesimo Anno

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Arguably, Quadragesimo anno is a proposals for a corporativist " third way " between liberal capitalism and communism and an indirect support for the fascist, or more to the point, clerofascist social order.

To mark the 40th anniversary of Rerum Novarum, Pope Pius XI issued Quadragesimo Anno, which expanded on some of its themes.

Indeed, Distributism in Catholic social teaching such as Pope Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI's Quadragesimo Anno resembles a Mutualist society based on Cooperatives, while Pope John Paul II's Catechism of the Catholic Church states " She ( the Church ) has ... refused to accept, in the practice of " capitalism ," individualism and the absolute primacy of the law of the marketplace over human labor.

He openly criticized certain papal periodicals and encyclicals, including Rerum Novarum ( Leo XIII ), Quadragesimo Anno ( Pius XI ), and Divini Redemptoris ( Pius XI ).

His condition deteriorated until he died at the Catholic Worker's Maryfarm near Newburgh, New York, on May 15, 1949, " the Feast of St. Dymphna, patroness of mental health, the anniversary also of St. John Baptiste de la Salle and the Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum and Quadragesimo Anno ... Many remarked the strange convergence of anniversaries.

* Quadragesimo Anno ( 1931 )

Nacionalismo based its twin policy of opposition to liberalism and socialism along with promotion of social justice on the papal encyclicals of 1891 ( Rerum Novarum ) and 1931 ( Quadragesimo Anno ).

Originally catering to Roman Catholic constituencies, the IFCTU was designed to provide an alternative to the secular trade unions in Europe at the time, basing its foundation on the Rerum Novarum and the Quadragesimo Anno.

Rerum Novarum, Quadragesimo Anno, Centesimus Annus and Caritas in Veritate are Catholic Social Teaching documents which advocate a just distribution of income and wealth.

All essential power lay with the Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ), who appointed his government single-handedly, and the Federal President ( Bundespräsident ), who named the Chancellor. As Antonio de Salazar's 1933 constitution ( and the Estado Novo regime in whole ), the Maiverfassung promoted a Catholic corporatism which bore a strong resemblance to the principles outlined in Quadragesimo Anno, rejecting capitalism and socialism.

The present counting method for years use the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for " in the year of the world ", in Hebrew, " from the creation of the world "), abbreviated AM or A. M. and also referred to as the Hebrew era.

Since about the 3rd century CE, the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for “ in the year of the world ,” abbreviated AM or A. M .; Hebrew ), sometimes referred to as the “ Hebrew era .” According to Rabbinic reckoning, the beginning of " year 1 " is not Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ).

The SCA still measures dates within the society from the date of that party, calling the system Anno Societatis ( Latin for " in the Year of the Society ").

Dates in this era are designated Anno Domini ( Latin for " in the year of the Lord "), abbreviated AD, or CE ( for " common era ").

* Now-ad ( from the Latin Anno Domini )

Anno was the subject of two important literary works, the Latin Vita Annonis, and the Middle High German Annolied.

* Ab urbe condita, Latin for " from the founding of the city " ( of Rome ), used to calculate dates ; also written as Anno Urbis Conditae