* Quantum coherence

Quantum coherence is not typically evident at macroscopic scales-although an exception to this rule can occur at extremely low temperatures ( i. e. approaching absolute zero ), when quantum behavior can manifest itself on more macroscopic scales ( see macroscopic quantum phenomena, Bose-Einstein condensate, and Quantum machine ).

* Mikael Lassen, Metin Sabuncu, Alexander Huck, Julien Niset, Gerd Leuchs, Nicolas J. Cerf, Ulrik L. Andersen, Quantum optical coherence can survive photon losses using a continuous-variable quantum erasure-correcting code, Nature Photonics 4 10 ( 2010 )( this document online )

Quantum nonlocality is often proposed as a mechanism for superluminal communication.

Quantum oscillations is another experimental technique where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the fermi surface.

Quantum brute force is easily defeated by doubling the key length, which has little extra computational cost in ordinary use.

According to a poll at a Quantum Mechanics workshop in 1997 ,< ref > the Copenhagen interpretation is the most widely-accepted specific interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by the many-worlds interpretation.

Quantum mechanics under the Copenhagen Interpretation interpreted probability as a physical phenomenon, which is what Jaynes called a Mind Projection Fallacy.

A similar view is adopted in Quantum Information Theories.

This has been demonstrated in the famous Lamb-Retherford experiment and was the starting point for the development of the theory of Quantum electrodynamics ( which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory ).

Bernard d ' Espagnat a French theoretical physicist best known for his work on the nature of reality wrote a paper titled The Quantum Theory and Reality according to the paper: " The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment.

" In an article in the Guardian titled Quantum weirdness: What we call ' reality ' is just a state of mind d ' Espagnat wrote that:

A more advanced Quantum II Hyperdrive introduced later is able to cover the same distance in one and a quarter minutes ( 420, 768 x c ).

In Niven's novel Ringworld's Children the Ringworld itself is converted into a gigantic Quantum II hyperdrive and launched into hyperspace while within its star's gravity well.

Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances.

Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and ( sub ) atomic level.

Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter ( molecules and atoms ) and the subatomic ( electrons, protons, and even smaller particles ).

Although Schrödinger himself after a year proved the equivalence of his wave-mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, the reconciliation of the two approaches and their modern abstraction as motions in Hilbert space is generally attributed to Paul Dirac, who wrote a lucid account in his 1930 classic Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

The first complete mathematical formulation of this approach is generally credited to John von Neumann's 1932 book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, although Hermann Weyl had already referred to Hilbert spaces ( which he called unitary spaces ) in his 1927 classic paper and book.

Quantum field theory has driven the development of more sophisticated formulations of quantum mechanics, of which the one presented here is a simple special case.

Physicist Lee Smolin writes in Three Roads to Quantum Gravity that topos theory is " the right form of logic for cosmology " ( page 30 ) and " In its first forms it was called ' intuitionistic logic '" ( page 31 ).

* Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, and the " observer " must be considered part of the system being observed.

Quantum mechanics ( QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory ) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.

Planck is considered the father of the Quantum Theory

Quantum mechanics is essential to understanding the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller.

Greene discusses the essential problem facing modern physics: unification of Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.

This self-determination constitutes the Quality of the Quantum, and finally demonstrates the full significance of the essential identity of Quality and Quantity.

Now, as Measure, Quality and Quantity though still distinct from one another are inseparable and in their unity comprise a specific Determinate Being: “ Everything that exists has a magnitude and this magnitude belongs to the nature of the something itself .” The indifference of Quantum is retained in Measure insofar as the magnitude of things can increase or decrease without fundamentally altering their Quality, and yet their essential unity nevertheless manifests at the Limit where an alteration in Quantity will bring about a change in Quality.

Quantum error correction is essential if one is to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation that can deal not only with noise on stored quantum information, but also with faulty quantum gates, faulty quantum preparation, and faulty measurements.

* Quantum mass manifests itself as a difference between an object ’ s quantum frequency and its wave number.

Quantum confinement is responsible for the increase of energy difference between energy states and band gap.

Quantum physics demands that this initial temperature difference should have actually existed at the Big Bang because of the uncertainty principle, such that there is no way that the universe could have formed with precisely the same properties everywhere.

A second type of solution occurs for energy levels in the so-called " forbidden " gaps between " allowed " states-in this case, the electron cannot travel indefinitely through the crystal with that energy and will either be reflected at the edges of the region, or possibly must pass through the region in a phenomenon called " Quantum tunnelling ".

Polkinghorne is the author of five books on physics, and 26 on the relationship between science and religion ; his publications include The Quantum World ( 1989 ), Quantum Physics and Theology: An Unexpected Kinship ( 2005 ), Exploring Reality: The Intertwining of Science and Religion ( 2007 ), and Questions of Truth ( 2009 ).

* Quantum biophysics involves quantum information processing of coherent states, entanglement between coherent protons and transcriptase components, and replication of decohered isomers to yield time-dependent base substitutions.

In the latter half of the 1980s and into the early 1990s, the Quantum Link online service for Commodore 64 computers offered user-to-user messages between concurrently connected customers, which they called " On-Line Messages " ( or OLM for short ), and later " FlashMail.

" ** The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics " 3. 10 The Arrow of Time in the Transactional Interpretation – The formalism of quantum mechanics, at least in its relativistically invariant formulation, is completely even handed in dealing with the " arrow " of time, the distinction between future and past time directions.

With chapters like " The first encounter with the science about atoms ", " Quantum mechanics and talks with Einstein ", " Talk about the relation between biology, physics and chemistry " or " Talks about language " and " The behavior of an individual

* Quantum interface between a single photon and a single atom demonstrated

* The chiral condensate in Quantum chromodynamics, about a factor of a thousand smaller than the above, gives a large effective mass to quarks, and distinguishes between phases of quark matter.

Quantum chaos is the field of physics attempting to build a bridge between the theories of quantum mechanics and classical dynamics.

There is cooperation between the GRASS and Quantum GIS ( QGIS ) projects.

Quantum wells are formed in semiconductors by having a material, like gallium arsenide sandwiched between two layers of a material with a wider bandgap, like aluminium arsenide.

This fact, that Quantum eternally repulses itself, yet equally eternally remains Quantum, demonstrates the ( a ) Notion of Quantitative Infinity, which is the self-related, affirmative opposition between Finitude and Infinity that lies within it.

The inexactitude of this method of procedure results, says Hegel, primarily from their failure to distinguish between Quantum as the Quantity that each individual term of a differential co-efficient represents, and the Qualitative nature of their relationship when in the form of a ratio.

However even though most of the photons are not detectable they can't be ignored in the theory ; Quantum electrodynamic calculations show that the transition amplitude between any states with a finite number of photons vanishes.

He was professor of physical chemistry at Kyoto University from 1951 to 1982, president of the Kyoto Institute of Technology between 1982 and 1988, and a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and honorary member of the International Academy of Science.

In his paper " The S-Matrix in Quantum electrodynamics ", Dyson derived relations between different S-matrix elements, or more specific " one-particle Green's functions ", in quantum electrodynamics, by summing up infinitely many Feynman diagrams, thus working in a perturbative approach.

In the video game series Supreme Commander humanity has constructed jumpgates called Quantum Gates, which allows instant travel between planets.

Quantum mechanically, this is described as a resonance between the non-bonded state | D, A > and the dative state | D < sup >+</ sup >... A < sup >-</ sup >>.

* To see a summary of the differences and similarities between chirality and helicity ( those covered here and more ) in chart form, go to Pedagogic Aids to Quantum Field Theory and click on the link near the bottom of the page entitled " Chirality and Helicity Summary ".

* Converging Realities: Toward a Common Philosophy of Physics and Mathematics ( Princeton University Press, 2004 )-Here Omnès presents, in detail, his position on the relationship between mathematics and reality which he started to develop in Quantum Philosophy.