* Quantum logic formulation of quantum mechanics

Physicist Lee Smolin writes in Three Roads to Quantum Gravity that topos theory is " the right form of logic for cosmology " ( page 30 ) and " In its first forms it was called ' intuitionistic logic '" ( page 31 ).

In addition, there have been attempts to construct theories for quantities that are notionally similar to probabilities but do not obey all their rules ; see, for example, Free probability, Fuzzy logic, Possibility theory, Negative probability and Quantum probability.

Quantum mechanics is the product of a careful application of the scientific method, logic and empiricism.

Rather, complementarity means that the composition of physical properties for S ( such as position and momentum both having values within certain ranges ), using propositional connectives, does not obey the rules of classical propositional logic ( see also Quantum logic ).

* Quantum logic gate in optical fiber

* Quantum logic

Quantification -- Quantum logic -- Quod erat demonstrandum

* Quantum logic

Quantum logic can be formulated either as a modified version of propositional logic or as a noncommutative and non-associative many-valued ( MV ) logic.

Quantum logic has some properties which clearly distinguish it from classical logic, most notably, the failure of the distributive law of propositional logic:

Quantum logic has been proposed as the correct logic for propositional inference generally, most notably by the philosopher Hilary Putnam, at least at one point in his career.

See also: Quantum flux parametron, a related digital logic technology.

Quantum logic

Quantum logic, introduced by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, abandons the law of distributivity from classical logic in order to reconcile some of the apparent inconsistencies of classical Boolean logic with the facts related to measurement and observation in quantum mechanics.

Quantum states of a particle and an antiparticle can be interchanged by applying the charge conjugation ( C ), parity ( P ), and time reversal ( T ) operators.

* Quantum superpositions can be described as vector sums of the constituent states.

Quantum processes can also produce EMR, such as when atomic nuclei undergo gamma decay, and processes such as neutral pion decay.

CESG does not manufacture security equipment, but works with industry to ensure the availability of suitable products and services, while GCHQ itself can fund research into such areas, for example to the Centre for Quantum Computing at Oxford University and the Heilbronn Institute at the University of Bristol.

Quantum dots ( nanoparticles with quantum confinement properties, such as size-tunable light emission ), when used in conjunction with MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging ), can produce exceptional images of tumor sites.

Quantum chemistry, a subfield of physical chemistry especially concerned with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, provides tools to determine how strong and what shape bonds are, how nuclei move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound.

Quantum coherence is not typically evident at macroscopic scales-although an exception to this rule can occur at extremely low temperatures ( i. e. approaching absolute zero ), when quantum behavior can manifest itself on more macroscopic scales ( see macroscopic quantum phenomena, Bose-Einstein condensate, and Quantum machine ).

Quantum mechanics can also provide quantitative insight into ionic and covalent bonding processes by explicitly showing which molecules are energetically favorable to which others, and the magnitudes of the energies involved.

Quantum information, and changes in quantum information, can be quantitatively measured by using an analogue of Shannon entropy, called the von Neumann entropy.

* Quantum information can be negative

Quantum teleportation, or entanglement-assisted teleportation, is a process by which a qubit ( the basic unit of quantum information ) can be transmitted exactly ( in principle ) from one location to another, without the qubit being transmitted through the intervening space.

Quantum gravity can be treated as an effective field theory.

Quantum systems can become entangled through various types of interactions ( see section on methods below ).

* Hyperdrives allow for faster-than-light travel, but at a rate slow enough ( 1 light year per 3 days, ~ 122c ) to keep the galaxy vast and unknown ; the new Quantum II Hyperdrive, developed by the Puppeteers but not yet released to humans, can cross a light year in just 1. 25 minutes (~ 425, 000c ).

The theory of the weak interaction can be called Quantum Flavordynamics ( QFD ), in analogy with the terms QCD and QED, but in practice the term is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electro-weak theory ( EWT ).

This trend can be seen in Syriana, the Bourne film series and the more recent James Bond films Casino Royale ( 2006 ) and Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ).

In the Quantum Leap episode " The Great Spontini ", Scott Bakula's character, Dr. Sam Beckett, leaps into an amateur magician in 1974 who aspires to appear on Bill Bixby's The Magician ; however, owing to his partial amnesia, Dr. Beckett, at first, can only recall Bixby's connection with The Incredible Hulk, which had not been made at that time.

Sam refuses to allow this, and before he can be stopped, he enters the Quantum Leap accelerator, disappearing into time.

Quantum mechanically, this can be described as an excitation to a higher energy state and then a return to a lower energy state accompanied by the emission of a photon.

Quantum mechanics is different, because the numbers can be positive or negative.

Quantum effects that are consequences only of quantum fluctuations, not of subtleties of measurement incompatibility, can alternatively be models of classical continuous random fields.

Quantum computers have gained widespread interest because some problems of practical interest are known to be in BQP, but suspected to be outside P. Some prominent examples are:

EPR tried to set up a paradox to question the range of true application of Quantum Mechanics: Quantum theory predicts that both values cannot be known for a particle, and yet the EPR thought experiment purports to show that they must all have determinate values.

Fine, Do Correlations need to be explained ?, in Philosophical Consequences of Quantum Theory: Reflections on Bell's Theorem, edited by Cushing & McMullin ( University of Notre Dame Press, 1986 ).

; Quantum mechanics or Particle physics: When a spinless particle ( or even an unpolarized particle with spin ) decays, the resulting decay distribution must be isotropic in the rest frame of the decaying particle regardless of the detailed physics of the decay.

Bernard d ' Espagnat a French theoretical physicist best known for his work on the nature of reality wrote a paper titled The Quantum Theory and Reality according to the paper: " The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment.

Zurek, A Single Quantum Cannot be Cloned, Nature 299 ( 1982 ), pp. 802 – 803.

* Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, and the " observer " must be considered part of the system being observed.

On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII issued a Papal bull Quantum ornamenti, which approved the request of King Charles III of Spain to invoke the Immaculate Conception as the Patroness of the Spanish Kingdom, along with its eastern and western territories, while also maintaining Saint James the Greater be given a distinguished honor as co-patron.

Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers, like the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously.

The title of Series V was revealed to be Enterprise, with Scott Bakula, of Quantum Leap fame, playing Captain Jeffrey Archer, a name that was quickly changed to Jonathan Archer due to fan feedback.

A second type of solution occurs for energy levels in the so-called " forbidden " gaps between " allowed " states-in this case, the electron cannot travel indefinitely through the crystal with that energy and will either be reflected at the edges of the region, or possibly must pass through the region in a phenomenon called " Quantum tunnelling ".

Sokal wrote " Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity ", an article proposing that quantum gravity has progressive political implications, and that the " morphogenetic field " ( characterized by Sokal as " a bizarre New Age concept due to Rupert Sheldrake ") could be a cutting-edge theory of quantum gravity.

Quantum effects such as the Casimir effect cannot violate the averaged null energy condition in any neighborhood of space with zero curvature, but calculations in semiclassical gravity suggest that quantum effects may be able to violate this condition in curved spacetime.

** In the TV series Quantum Leap ( 1988 – 1993 ), the Quantum Leap project is said to be launched in New Mexico, in 1999.