It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949.

Dyson is credited with being the first to formalize the concept of the Dyson sphere in his 1960 paper " Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infra-Red Radiation ", published in the journal Science.

Historically, the word " maser " is derived from the original upper-case acronym MASER, which stands for " Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ".

The SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility is a source of synchrotron radiation, in continuous operation since 1961.

Radiation on the short-wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum, and above 125 nm, is ionizing.

Radiation used for cancer treatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions in the cells of the tissues it passes through as it dislodges electrons from atoms.

Radiation is used to determine the composition of materials in a process called neutron activation analysis.

Radiation therapy ( in American English ), radiation oncology, or radiotherapy ( in the UK, Canada and Australia ), sometimes abbreviated to XRT or DXT, is the medical use of ionizing radiation, generally as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells.

Radiation therapy is synergistic with chemotherapy, and has been used before, during, and after chemotherapy in susceptible cancers.

Radiation therapy is commonly applied to the cancerous tumor because of its ability to control cell growth.

Radiation oncology is the medical specialty concerned with prescribing radiation, and is distinct from radiology, the use of radiation in medical imaging and diagnosis.

Total Solar Irradiance upon Earth ( TSI ) was earlier measured by satellite to be roughly 1. 366 kilowatts per square meter ( kW / m² ), but most recently NASA cites TSI as " 1361 W / m² as compared to ~ 1366 W / m² from earlier observations et al., 2005 ", based on regular readings from NASA's Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment ( SORCE ) satellite, active since 2003, noting that this " discovery is critical in examining the energy budget of the planet Earth and isolating the climate change due to human activities.

Radiation is used rarely and is of little benefit except in the presence of a tumor.

Radiation from the central star heats the gases to temperatures of about 10, 000 K. The gas temperature in central regions is usually much higher than at the periphery reaching 16, 000 – 25, 000 K. The volume in the vicinity of the central star is often filled with a very hot ( coronal ) gas having the temperature of about 1, 000, 000 K. This gas originates from the surface of the central star in the form of the fast stellar wind.

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation ( CMBR ) from outer space, discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery, is also a form of cosmic noise.

Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface exposed to electromagnetic radiation.

Radiation pressure is about 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup > Pa at Earth's distance from the Sun and decreases by the square of the distance from the Sun.

Radiation from an antenna corresponds to the case where G is identically zero.

Keith P. Shine FRS is the head of the Atmospheric Radiation and Climate group and previous head of department at the University of Reading's meteorology department.

Radiation therapy is an effective treatment for cancer.

The 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, in August 1939.

This target was irradiated with 35 MeV alpha particles for 6 hours in the 60-inch cyclotron at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.

* Radiation, light and illumination: a series of engineering lectures delivered at Union college, ed.

LRLTRAN was developed at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory to provide support for vector arithmetic and dynamic storage, among other extensions to support systems programming.

Lawrencium was first synthesized by the nuclear-physics team of Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, and their co-workers on February 14, 1961, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory ( now called the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ) at the University of California.

LORAN systems were built during World War II after development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Radiation Laboratory and were used extensively by the US Navy and Royal Navy.

Engineers and scientists from across the country gathered at MIT's Radiation Laboratory, established in 1940 to assist the British military in developing microwave radar.

The team produced < sup > 256 </ sup > Md ( half-life of 87 minutes ) when they bombarded an < sup > 253 </ sup > Es target with alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) in the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory's 60-inch cyclotron (< sup > 256 </ sup > Md was the first isotope of any element to be synthesized one atom at a time ).

Neptunium ( named for the planet Neptune, the next planet out from Uranus, after which uranium was named ) was discovered by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson in 1940 at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley.

Alfred Lee Loomis organized the Radiation Laboratory at Cambridge, Massachusetts which developed the technology in the years 1941-45.

* The Radiation Laboratory ( now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ) at the University of California, Berkeley, led principally by Edwin McMillan, Glenn Seaborg, and Albert Ghiorso, during 1945-1974:

In July 2012 Al Jazeera reported that tests carried out by the Institute of Radiation Physics at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland as part of a nine-month investigation found traces of polonium in quantities much higher than could occur naturally on Arafat's personal belongings.

LLNL was established in 1952 as the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at Livermore as an offshoot of the existing University of California Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley.

Edward Teller and Ernest O. Lawrence, director of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley, are regarded as the co-founders of the Livermore Laboratory.

* Radiation from mammals and the living human body: Mammals at roughly 300 K emit peak radiation at 3 thousand μm K / 300 K = 10 μm, in the far infrared.

The CDC 6600 was a mainframe computer from Control Data Corporation, first ( first in the United States ) delivered in 1964 to the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, part of the University of California at Berkeley.

Lawrence courted government as his sponsor in the early years of the Manhattan Project, the American effort to produce the first atomic bomb during World War II, and along with Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins ( which helped develop the proximity fuse ), and the MIT Radiation Laboratory ( which helped to develop radar ) ushered in the era of " Big Science ".

After its initial affiliation with Southwestern in 1999, the Moncrief Radiation Oncology Cancer Center has expanded its reach in 2003 with more facilities located in Dallas, Fort Worth, southern Tarrant County, and Weatherford, Texas.

Laboratory testing occurred in the 400 area of Kirtland AFB and initial ground tests in hangar 1001, while the hangar at the Advanced Radiation Test Facility ( ARTF ) at the southeast corner of the runway was being constructed.

Radiation reaction acts as a resistance to motion in a cyclotron ; and the work necessary to overcome it is the main energetic cost of accelerating a particle in a cyclotron.

* Radiation treatment in some cases affects the health of males, so sterilized insects in such cases are at a disadvantage when competing for females.