* Radiative forcing

* Solar irradiance changes directly affecting the climate (" Radiative forcing ").

Radiative forcing can be used to estimate a subsequent change in equilibrium surface temperature ( ΔT < sub > s </ sub >) arising from that radiative forcing via the equation:

Radiative forcing ( measured in Watts per square meter ) can be estimated in different ways for different components.

Radiative forcing for doubling CO < sub > 2 </ sub >, as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran.

Radiative forcing for eight times increase of CH < sub > 4 </ sub >, as calculated by radiative transfer code Modtran.

Radiative forcing is intended as a useful way to compare different causes of perturbations in a climate system.

* Radiative forcing, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system

* Radiative forcing, a measure of the change in balance of the energy absorbed and emitted by the Earth's atmosphere

# REDIRECT Radiative forcing

# REDIRECT Radiative forcing

# REDIRECT Radiative forcing

Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions.

Radiative cooling is very efficient in thin discs.

Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation.

Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat is radiated into space from the surface of the Earth, or from the skin of a human observer.

This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences between 1965 and 1966 .< ref > See also The first of these, Part I: Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes, was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former Ph. D. thesis advisor, Richard M. Goody, who is well known for his 1964 textbook Atmospheric Radiation.

Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation.

Radiative far-field intensity decays more slowly with distance, following the inverse square law for total EM power that is typical of all electromagnetic radiation.

Radiative cooling is the process by which the ions lose energy by creating electromagnetic waves by virtue of their acceleration in the magnetic field.

An important contribution to the field of Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer was his prediction of the phenomenon called Dicke narrowing ( aka collisional narrowing ): When the mean free path of an atom is much smaller than the wavelength of one of its radiation transitions, the atom changes velocity and direction many times during the emission or absorption of a photon.

Radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas.

# Radiative flux, the amount of energy transferred in the form of photons at a certain distance from the source per steradian per second ( J · m < sup >− 2 </ sup >· s < sup >− 1 </ sup >).

* Radiative transfer equation, mathematical description of energy transfer

* Radiative forcing-is ( loosely ) defined as the change in net irradiance at the tropopause

Radiative coupling or electromagnetic coupling occurs when source and victim are separated by a large distance, typically more than a wavelength.

* Radiative Processes in Astrophysics / George B. Rybicki, Alan P. Lightman.

His doctoral thesis, entitled Radiative and photochemical processes in strato-and mesospheric dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

In fact, Lindzen's, Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator, documented the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO.

Radiative cooling overnight further enhances wind decoupling between the winds at the surface and the winds above the boundary layer by calming the surface wind which increases wind shear.

Radiative breaking of electroweak symmetry through Renormalization Group Equations ( RGEs ) follows as an immediate consequence.

Radiative cooling overnight decouples the winds at the surface from the winds above the boundary layer, increasing vertical wind shear near the surface, also known as wind gradient.

A true university, like most successful marriages, is a unity of diversities Without forcing all components into a single pattern, the preparation of a master plan is an opportunity to consider interrelation of knowledge at its highest level, which a university -- in contrast to a multiversity -- should stand for.

Assuming ZF is consistent, Paul Cohen employed the technique of forcing, developed for this purpose, to show that the axiom of choice itself is not a theorem of ZF by constructing a much more complex model which satisfies ZF ¬ C ( ZF with the negation of AC added as axiom ) and thus showing that ZF ¬ C is consistent.

Cast into the crown of the anchor is a set of tripping palms, projections that drag on the bottom, forcing the main flukes to dig in.

* 1865 – American Civil War: The Siege of Petersburg is broken – Union troops capture the trenches around Petersburg, Virginia, forcing Confederate General Robert E. Lee to retreat.

* In The Simpsons episode " Homer at the Bat ", Homer Simpson is hit in the head by a pitch while playing for the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant softball team, rendering him unconscious, but forcing in the winning run.

It is now widely accepted that forcing even faster growth by feeding a highly concentrated, high-energy diet is dangerous for skeletal development, causing unsoundness and increased tendency to joint problems and injury.

A further problem occurs when, after hearing his partner's response, the player who bid 4NT wants to stop in 5NT — as this is a forcing bid asking for Kings.

In these areas the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down.

Coercion () is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner ( whether through action or inaction ) by use of threats or intimidation or some other form of pressure or force.

* Joe Marek chronology — Joe Marek's chronology is limited to stories written ( or devised ) by Howard, though within that context it is essentially a revision of the Miller / Clark tradition to better reflect the internal evidence of the stories and avoid forcing Conan into what he perceives as a " mad dash " around the Hyborian world within timeframes too rapid to be credible.

Starting with the third overtime, a one point PAT field goal after a touchdown is no longer allowed, forcing teams to attempt a two-point conversion after a touchdown.

To shoot this design, a vertical rod is thrust up through a hole in the bottom of the notch, forcing the string out.

Controllability is related to the possibility of forcing the system into a particular state by using an appropriate control signal.

The Democratic Party keeps majority of seats in parliament, but is unable to command a majority for confidence, forcing a coalition with breakaway MPs who left, then rejoined the " Demos.

Many observers from both within and outside of China have argued that the CPC has taken gradual steps towards democracy and transparency, hence arguing that it is best to give it time and room to evolve into a better government that is more responsive to its people rather than forcing an abrupt change with all the deleterious effects such a loss of stability might entail.

Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed, forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the pail.

* 2004: DHgate. com, China's first online b2b transaction platform, is established, forcing other b2b sites to move away from the " yellow pages " model.

Often, this initial crack is caused by an increase in blood pressure within the body ( in combination with movement ), forcing an expansion across its exoskeleton, leading to an eventual crack that allows for certain organisms such as spiders to extricate themselves.

This pattern of variability is known as the Antarctic Dipole mode, although the Antarctic response to ENSO forcing is not ubiquitous.