# Radiative flux, the amount of energy transferred in the form of photons at a certain distance from the source per steradian per second ( J · m < sup >− 2 </ sup >· s < sup >− 1 </ sup >).

* Radiative transfer equation, mathematical description of energy transfer

" Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.

Radiative cooling is the process by which the ions lose energy by creating electromagnetic waves by virtue of their acceleration in the magnetic field.

* Radiative forcing, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system

* Radiative forcing, a measure of the change in balance of the energy absorbed and emitted by the Earth's atmosphere

An important contribution to the field of Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer was his prediction of the phenomenon called Dicke narrowing ( aka collisional narrowing ): When the mean free path of an atom is much smaller than the wavelength of one of its radiation transitions, the atom changes velocity and direction many times during the emission or absorption of a photon.

Radiative parameterizations are important to both atmospheric and oceanic modeling alike.

His doctoral thesis, entitled Radiative and photochemical processes in strato-and mesospheric dynamics, concerned the interactions of ozone photochemistry, radiative transfer and dynamics in the middle atmosphere.

* Radiative transfer code, a numerical model of radiation in the atmosphere

Radiative cooling is more dominant when wind speed is low and the sky is cloudless, and indeed the UHI is found to be largest at night in these conditions.

Radiative coupling or electromagnetic coupling occurs when source and victim are separated by a large distance, typically more than a wavelength.

Radiative cooling is very efficient in thin discs.

Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation.

Radiative cooling is commonly experienced on cloudless nights, when heat is radiated into space from the surface of the Earth, or from the skin of a human observer.

* Radiative Processes in Astrophysics / George B. Rybicki, Alan P. Lightman.

This formed the basis of his seminal Radiative and Photochemical Processes in Mesospheric Dynamics that was published in four parts in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences between 1965 and 1966 .< ref > See also The first of these, Part I: Models for Radiative and Photochemical Processes, was co-authored with his Harvard colleague and former Ph. D. thesis advisor, Richard M. Goody, who is well known for his 1964 textbook Atmospheric Radiation.

In fact, Lindzen's, Radiative and photochemical processes in mesospheric dynamics, Part II: Vertical propagation of long period disturbances at the equator, documented the failure of this attempt to explain the QBO.

Radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by radiation.

Radiative cooling overnight further enhances wind decoupling between the winds at the surface and the winds above the boundary layer by calming the surface wind which increases wind shear.

Radiative far-field intensity decays more slowly with distance, following the inverse square law for total EM power that is typical of all electromagnetic radiation.

Radiative breaking of electroweak symmetry through Renormalization Group Equations ( RGEs ) follows as an immediate consequence.

Radiative cooling overnight decouples the winds at the surface from the winds above the boundary layer, increasing vertical wind shear near the surface, also known as wind gradient.

Furthermore, Aghajanov points to the Armenian government's failure to eliminate widespread corruption and mismanagement in the energy sector – abuses that cost Armenia at least $ 50 million in losses each year, according to one estimate.

The electrical energy efficiency of a typical industrial induction motor can be improved by: 1 ) reducing the electrical losses in the stator windings ( e. g., by increasing the cross-sectional area of the conductor, improving the winding technique, and using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper ), 2 ) reducing the electrical losses in the rotor coil or casting ( e. g., by using materials with higher electrical conductivities, such as copper ), 3 ) reducing magnetic losses by using better quality magnetic steel, 4 ) improving the aerodynamics of motors to reduce mechanical windage losses, 5 ) improving bearings to reduce friction losses, and 6 ) minimizing manufacturing tolerances.

A resonant circuit by itself is almost an oscillator ; it can store energy in the form of electronic oscillations if excited, but because it has some internal resistance or other losses the oscillations are damped and decline to zero.

To make matters worse, unknown barriers of energy are sprouting up around the world – sometimes aiding the Exiles, sometimes helping the Empire who can afford the losses much more easily than the Exiles.

' Soft ' ferrites are widely used for cores above audio frequencies, since they do not cause the large energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys do.

Air core coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they are free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with frequency.

* Parasitic capacitance: The capacitance between individual wire turns of the coil, called parasitic capacitance, does not cause energy losses but can change the behavior of the coil.

* Core losses: A time-varying current in a ferromagnetic inductor, which causes a time-varying magnetic field in its core, causes energy losses in the core material that are dissipated as heat, due to two processes:

: For both of these processes, the energy loss per cycle of alternating current is constant, so core losses increase linearly with frequency.

Braun's circuit afforded a much longer sustained oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars.

An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100 % efficient.

In addition to charging effects, AES data can be obscured by the presence of characteristic energy losses in a sample and higher order atomic ionization events.

As Auger spectra are normally weak and spread over many eV of energy, they are difficult to extract from the background and in the presence of plasmon losses, deconvolution of the two peaks becomes extremely difficult.

The 40 megajoules per kilogram or less kinetic energy of projectiles launched at up to 9000 m / s velocity ( if including extra for drag losses ) towards Low Earth Orbit is a few kilowatt-hours per kilogram if efficiencies are relatively high, which accordingly has been hypothesized to be under $ 1 of electrical energy cost per kilogram shipped to LEO, though total costs would be far more than electricity alone.

According to Joule's Law, energy losses are directly proportional to the square of the current.

In general, losses are estimated from the discrepancy between energy produced ( as reported by power plants ) and energy sold to end customers ; the difference between what is produced and what is consumed constitute transmission and distribution losses, assuming no theft of utility occurs.

These persons generally have increased energy and tend to become more active than usual.

Since the start of the " Special Period " in 1991 ( energy shortages caused by the loss of the Soviet Union as a trading partner ), hitchhiking and carpooling have become important parts of Cuba's transportation system and society in general.

After a battle, Scarlet Witch again uses her powers to restore reality and, as a slight against her father, causes a large majority mutants to lose their powers, leaving the mutant race on the brink of extinction and causing the lost powers to become an energy mass, the Collective.

Different types may significantly differ in their properties, and the optimal mix of storage types is determined by the types and quantities of operations that each storage type needs to perform, as well as considerations like physical space and energy consumption and dissipation ( which may become critical for a large database ).

Different types may significantly differ in their properties, and the optimal mix of storage types is determined by the types and quantities of operations that each storage type needs to perform, as well as considerations like physical space and energy consumption and dissipation ( which may become critical for a large database ).

At higher frequencies ( visible and beyond ), the effects of individual photons of the radiation begin to become important, as these now have enough energy individually directly or indirectly to damage biological molecules.

The domains do not go back to their original minimum energy configuration when the field is removed because the domain walls tend to become ' pinned ' or ' snagged ' on defects in the crystal lattice, preserving their parallel orientation.

Much of his energy was devoted to the topic of oaths, having become convinced of its importance to Quaker ideas.

In essence, energy would become free.

The brain in the ancestors of the modern koala once filled the whole cranial cavity, but has become drastically reduced in the present species, a degeneration scientists suspect is an adaptation to a diet low in energy.

If no additional energy is supplied by any other mechanism, the nucleus will not fission, but will merely absorb the neutron, as happens when U-238 absorbs slow and even some fraction of fast neutrons, to become U-239.

It is common for waves of electromagnetic ( light, RF ), acoustic ( sound ) or other energy to become superposed in their transmission medium.

Chemical fuels have become the dominant form of energy storage, both in electrical generation and energy transportation.

Grid energy storage ( or large-scale energy storage ) lets energy producers send excess electricity over the electricity transmission grid to temporary electricity storage sites that become energy producers when electricity demand is greater.

Such an interaction would cause a WIMP to lose energy and become " captured " by the Sun.

Later generation methods will become established because they will be more efficient in terms of the energy input for the same degree of enrichment and the next method of enrichment to be commercialized will be referred to as third generation.

These conditions cause the star to become very unstable — a small rise in temperature leads to a rapid rise in reaction rates, which releases a lot of energy, increasing the temperature further.

In any type of collision there is a phase when for a moment colliding bodies have same velocity along line of impact then kinetic energy of bodies reduces to its minimum during this phase and may be called as maximum deformation phase for which momentarily coefficient of restitution become one.

With the rising cost of energy and concerns over the efficient delivery of power, active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics.

To conduct energy at frequencies above the radio range, such as millimeter waves, infrared, and light, the waves become much smaller than the dimensions of the structures used to guide them, so transmission line techniques become inadequate and the methods of optics are used.