Reader-response criticism is a school of literary theory that focuses on the reader ( or " audience ") and his or her experience of a literary work, in contrast to other schools and theories that focus attention primarily on the author or the content and form of the work.

Reader-response criticism argues that literature should be viewed as a performing art in which each reader creates his or her own, possibly unique, text-related performance.

Reader-response criticism relates to psychology, both experimental psychology for those attempting to find principles of response, and psychoanalytic psychology for those studying individual responses.

# REDIRECT Reader-response criticism

Reader-response critics denied that a text could have a quantifiable significance outside its being read and experienced by particular readers at particular moments.

Reader-response theory shares many goals and insights with hermeneutics ; both aim to describe the reader's contact with text and the author.

Reader-response theory recognizes the reader as an active agent who imparts " real existence " to the work and completes its meaning through interpretation.

Reader-response critics hold that in order to understand a text, one must look to the processes readers use to create meaning and experience.

Reader-response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-structuralism.

Aristotle, Plato's student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism.

Aristotle, Plato's student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism.

A country that establishes a military government and violates internationally agreed upon norms runs the risk of censure, criticism, or condemnation.

In his comment on these laws Steele sounds all the usual notes of current Whig propaganda, ranging from a criticism of the Tory peace to an attack on the dismissal of Marlborough ; ;

Nevertheless, with all these qualifications and exceptions, the current dystopian phenomenon remains impressive for its criticism that science and technology, instead of bringing utopia, may well enslave, dehumanize, and even destroy men.

Critics of this type of argument have tended to point out that this is just a standard criticism of representative democracy — a democratically elected government will not always act in the direction of greatest current public support — and that, therefore, there is no inconsistency in the leaders ' positions given that these countries are parliamentary democracies.

In many cases, such as the cabinet-directed prohibition on foreign ownership for broadcasters and the legislated principle of the predominance of Canadian content, these acts and orders often leave the CRTC less room to change policy than critics sometimes suggest, and the result is that the commission is often the lightning rod for policy criticism that could arguably be better directed at the government itself.

The Lyon Tablet preserves his speech on the admittance of Gallic senators, in which he addresses the Senate with reverence but also with criticism for their disdain of these men.

Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.

Stove alleged that by using weak or false ad hoc reasoning, these Ultra-Darwinists used evolutionary concepts to offer explanations that were not valid ( e. g., Stove suggested that sociobilogical explanation of altruism as an evolutionary feature was presented in such as way that the argument was effectively immune to any criticism.

One criticism of these devices is that they may lead to unwanted metallic clicking noises.

Many of these attempts brought him unfavorable criticism from the press and garnered him constant rebukes by his father, who nonetheless provided him with small sums for living expenses.

However, through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said.

However, since the teachers associated with perennialism are in a sense the authors of the Western masterpieces themselves, these teachers may be open to student criticism through the associated Socratic method, which, if carried out as true dialogue, is a balance between students, including the teacher promoting the discussion.

In both these cases, the common denominator for Formalist criticism is style.

Each of these art forms, and the criticism thereof, is primarily concerned with a sole creative force: the author of a novel ( not, for example, his editor or type-setter ), the composer of a piece of music ( though sometimes the performers are given credence, akin to actors in film today ), or the painter of a fresco ( not his assistants who mix the colours or often do some of the painting themselves ).

The resulting inclination of these women to the monastic life and from the indulgent lasciviousness in Rome, and his unsparing criticism of the secular clergy of Rome, brought a growing hostility against him among the Roman clergy and their supporters.

T. S. Eliot attacked the reputation of Kubla Khan and sparked a dispute within literary criticism with his analysis of the poem in his essay " Origin and Uses of Poetry " from The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism ( 1933 ): " The way in which poetry is written is not, so far as our knowledge of these obscure matters as yet extends, any clue to its value ...

Proponents of the view that differences in IQ test scores between blacks and whites are ( primarily or largely ) genetically determined state that criticism of these views is based on political correctness.

Rhine and his colleagues attempted to address these criticisms through new experiments, articles, and books, and revisited the state of the criticism along with their responses in the book Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years ( 1940 ).

While four of the listed rouge states met all these transgressions, Cuba, though still known for severely abusing its citizens and its strident criticism of the United States, no longer met all the transgressions required for a rogue state and was put on the list solely because of the political influence of the American Cuban community and specifically that of the Cuban American National Foundation.

Then, these philosophers say, it is rational to act on those beliefs that have best withstood criticism, whether or not they meet any specific criterion of truth.

By the later 17th century, however, English dramatists ( under the influence of French criticism picked up by those in exile during the English Interregnum ) did begin to assess their own plays according to these rules.

The classical unities were influential in dramatic criticism until Victor Hugo's Hernani ( 1830 ); one of the things that made that play controversial at its debut was its violation of these rules of classicism.

In an introduction to an anthology of these articles the editor was able to say, “ The development of this theory was a dialectical process of formulation, criticism, reply and reformulation ; the record of this process well illustrates the co-operative development of a philosophical theory .”

However, criticism of these updates grew as players demanded a true sequel.

However, these first two themes did not catch the public's attention, and as Willkie's support sagged he turned to criticism of Roosevelt's lack of preparedness in military matters.

From about 1900, the term género ínfimo (" degraded " or " low genre ") was coined to describe an emerging form of entertainment allied to the revista (" revue "): these were musical works similar to the género chico zarzuela but lighter and bolder in their social criticism, with scenes portraying sexual themes and many verbal double entendres.

The book initially received substantial criticism in the U. S. Popular Photography, for one, derided Frank's images as " meaningless blur, grain, muddy exposures, drunken horizons and general sloppiness.

His criticism of the conditions for Methodist missionaries in India led him to conflict with his fellow ministers, and he sought to explore wider horizons.

* One criticism of this metric is that players who play for teams that win more games than expected, based on the Pythagorean expectation, receive more win shares than players whose team wins fewer games than expected.

A similar criticism is that SAS 99 doesn ’ t close expectation gaps.