In A critique of Postcolonial Reason, Spivak argues that Western philosophy has a history of not only exclusion of the Subaltern from discourse, but also does not allow them to occupy the space of a fully human subject.

In A Critique of Postcolonial Reason ( 1999 ), Spivak explored how major works of European metaphysics ( such as those of Kant and Hegel ) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.

Christine, through Lady Reason in particular, argues that stereotypes of woman can be sustained only if women are prevented from entering the dominant male-oriented conversation.

In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behavior, saying: " Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions.

Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.

The main concept, however, common to all idealist epistemologies is the centrality of Reason: ( i. e.: ' Reason ' with a capital ' R '): a priori Reason: Knowledge can only be, ultimately, a product of the mind and is therefore, by definition, ' ideal '.

Arthur Schopenhauer wrote in § 18 of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason ( 1813 ): "... the representation of coexistence is impossible in Time alone ; it depends, for its completion, upon the representation of Space ; because, in mere Time, all things follow one another, and in mere Space all things are side by side ; it is accordingly only by the combination of Time and Space that the representation of coexistence arises.

Paine's Age of Reason sparked enough anger in Britain to initiate not only a series of government prosecutions but also a pamphlet war.

By creating Lady Reason, Christine not only teaches her own allegorical self, but also the readers.

" Happiness is a good flow of life ," said Zeno, and this can only be achieved through the use of right Reason coinciding with the Universal Reason ( Logos ), which governs everything.

Just as Virtue can only exist within the dominion of Reason, so Vice can only exist with the rejection of Reason.

Beiderbecke plays piano on his recordings " Big Boy " ( October 8, 1924 ), " For No Reason at All in C " ( May 13, 1927 ), " Wringin ' and Twistin '" ( September 17, 1927 )— all with ensembles — and his only solo recorded work, " In a Mist " ( September 8, 1927 ).

Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.

Rabbi Samuel S. Cohon wrote that " God as conceived by Judaism is not only the First Cause, the Creative Power, and the World Reason, but also the living and loving Father of Men.

Between the mass executions, the wild fear of the populace, and the institution of the Festival of Reason, by the middle of 1794 there was “ a great deal of enthusiasm for ending the terror, no one could figure out how to do it … The only thing that would end the terror, and apparently the only thing they could all agree upon, was the fall of Robespierre ”.

Hegel responded to Kant's philosophy by suggesting that the unsolvable contradictions given by Kant in his Antinomies of Pure Reason applied not only to the four areas Kant gave ( world as infinite vs. finite, material as composite vs. atomic, etc.

In a 1998 interview with Norm Arenas of Texas Is the Reason, Hoerner explained that the band made up a fake band name and brought in a fake lead singer for the ad shoot, only to have the store stick their real band name on the ad.

Hobbes said :" The Latines called Accounts of mony Rationes ... and thence it seems to proceed that they extended the word Ratio, to the faculty of Reckoning in all other things .... When a man reasoneth hee does nothing else but conceive a summe totall ... For Reason ... is nothing but Reckoning ... of the consequences of generall names agreed upon, for the marking and signifying of our thoughts ...."

Ultimately this emphasis on production and construction goes back to the revolution wrought by Kant in philosophy, namely his focus in the Critique of Pure Reason on synthesis according to rules as the fundamental activity of the mind that creates the order of our experience.

Reason, compared to these factors, is mere window-dressing for human thoughts ; it is the clothes our naked hungers put on when they go out in public.

" The same year, Albert Ellis published Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy, which claimed that " fixed homosexuals in our society are almost invariably neurotic or psychotic :... therefore, no so-called normal group of homosexuals is to be found anywhere.

Kant referred to " space " in his Critique of Pure Reason as being: a subjective " pure a priori form of intuition ", hence it is an unavoidable contribution of our human faculties.

" I understand by the transcendental idealism of all appearances the doctrine that they are all to be regarded as mere representations and not as things in themselves, and accordingly that space and time are only sensible forms of our intuition …" Kant argues for these several claims in the section of the Critique of Pure Reason entitled the Transcendental Aesthetic.

As 18th-century philosopher Francis Hutcheson writes: " Is the Reason exciting to concur with the Deity this, ' The Deity is our Benefactor?

Are they to range at large, in every town and every house, preaching their doctrines, and perhaps even buying proselytes ?— are Englishmen to be sent to Paris to be witnesses of the successful result of audacious usurpation, and of the elevation of Tom Paine, from a Staymaker to a fine Gentleman, from an Exciseman to a Sovereign, as the reward of the Rights of Man and the Age of Reason — I fear Restriction and Coercion will avail little against the influence of example — but our Ministers have made up their minds, to save Jacobinism, at its last gasp, and the experiment of shaking hands with it ...

If we want to change this situation, we must reform our own laws first, strip the authorities of their political immunity, abolish the " Reason of State " and the system of official secrecy which covers up all these crimes.

. Reason and taste suggest that cemetery should be decorated appropriately by the beautiful productions of our great Creator.

Reason must open its eyes to their suffering ; while faith sees in the weak of this world what salvation must mean and the conversion to which we are called.

In the Anticlaudianus he sums up as follows: Reason, guided by prudence, can unaided discover most of the truths of the physical order ; for the apprehension of religious truths it must trust to faith.

In 2007, she wrote that she did not want to belittle the issue but was sceptical of the claims that specific actions would prevent catastrophe, then in 2008 that her doubts had been “ crystalised ” by Nigel Lawson's book An Appeal to Reason, before stating in 2009 that " There is no climate change, hasn ’ t anybody looked out of their window recently?

In general rationalism is the predominant school of thought in the multi-national, cross-cultural Age of reason, which began in the century straddling 1600 as a conventional date, empiricism is the reliance on sensory data gathered in experimentation by scientists of any country, who, in the Age of Reason were rationalists.

* Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 philosophical work by Immanuel Kant

Ignored by many in " critical realist " circles, however, is that Kant's immediate impetus for writing his " Critique of Pure Reason " was to address problems raised by David Hume's skeptical empiricism which, in attacking metaphysics, employed reason and logic to argue against the knowability of the world and common notions of causation.

* Stand To Reason, founded by Greg Koukl and Melinda Penner

* DDT, Eggshells, and Me Article from Reason magazine by Ronald Bailey.

* The American Deists: Voices of Reason & Dissent in the Early Republic by Kerry S. Walters ( University of Kansas Press, 1992 ), which includes an extensive bibliographic essay

" In Reason & Responsibility: Readings in Some Basic Problems of Philosophy, edited by Joel Feinberg and Russ Shafer-Landau, 532 – 540.

A lack of cash, complicated by Vermont's currency problems, placed a strain on Fanny's relatively free hand on spending, which was further exacerbated by the cost of publishing Reason, and of the construction of a new home near the mouth of the Onion River.

* Essay on natural religion by Allen: Reason: The Only Oracle of Man, published 1784

" The tension between reason and passion is symbolized by his character's relationship with the gods, as in Hecuba's prayer, answered not by Zeus, nor by the Law of Reason, but by brutal Menelaus as if speaking on behalf of the old gods, and most famously in Bacchae, where the god Dionysus savages his own converts.

In the 1976 article " Computer Power and Human Reason ," an excerpt of which is included in The New Media Reader edited by Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort, Weizenbaum notes how quickly and deeply people became emotionally involved with the computer program, taking offence when he asked to view the transcripts, saying it was an invasion of their privacy, even asking him to leave the room while they were working with the DOCTOR script.

The Catholic Church also has taught that faith and reason can and must work together, in the Papal encyclical letter issued by Pope John Paul II, Fides et Ratio (" Faith and Reason ").

Studies on the Abuse and Decline of Reason: Text and Documents edited by Bruce Caldwell ( University of Chicago Press ) 331 pages ; essays in opposition to positivism.

As a child of the Enlightenment he trusted in a " Christianity of Reason ", which oriented itself by the spirit of religion.