Reference counting is also used in disk operating systems and distributed systems, where full non-incremental tracing garbage collection is too time consuming because of the size of the object graph and slow access speed.

Reference counting is also among the simplest forms of garbage collection to implement.

Reference counting performance does not deteriorate as the total amount of free space decreases.

Reference counting in naive form has two main disadvantages over the tracing garbage collection, both of which require additional mechanisms to ameliorate:

Apple's Cocoa Touch framework, used on its iOS devices, also uses manual reference counting, and does not support automatic garbage collection, though Automatic Reference Counting was added in iOS 5 and Mac OS X 10. 7.

* Atomic Reference Counting Pointers: A lock-free, async-free, thread-safe, multiprocessor-safe reference counting pointer, Kirk Reinholtz

it: Reference counting

* Reference counting

Reference counting schemes record the number of references to a given object and collect the object when the reference count becomes zero.

In one case, the Provincial Judges Reference ( 1997 ), it was found a law can be held invalid for contradicting unwritten principles, in this case judicial independence.

The 2006 Physicians Desk Reference states that Norco 10, containing 10 milligrams of hydrocodone and 325 mg of paracetamol can be taken at a dosage of up to twelve tablets per day ( 120 mg of hydrocodone ).

The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service can insert or remove leap seconds from the last day of any month ( June and December are preferred ).

Reference failures can also be addressed by free logics.

* Reference to the article ' Generic city ', a critic to current mode of urbanization: " People can inhabit anything.

A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services was a publication of the Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau designed to offer guidance to police and emergency services personnel on how religious affiliation can affect their contact with the public.

According to the study of D. F. Austin ( see Reference ) the family Convolvulaceae can be classified in the tribes Ericybeae, Cressea, Convolvuleae, merremioids, Ipomoeae, Argyreiae, Poraneae, Dichondreae and Cuscuteae ( sometimes classified as a separate family Cuscutaceae ).

* Coordination Costs ( follow the " Publications " link, where you can download Reference 5 )

The modern approach of the Supreme Court of Canada tends to favour the concepts of flexible federalism ( where jurisdictions overlap ) and cooperative federalism ( where they can favourably interact ), as noted most recently in its opinion in Reference re Securities Act.

These unwritten principles can shape " a constitutional argument that culminates in the filling of gaps in the express terms of the constitutional text " and that in " certain circumstances give rise to substantive legal obligations " that " are binding upon both courts and governments ;" ( Secession Reference, supra., paras.

Attitude and Heading Reference Systems ( AHRS ) are able to provide three-axis information that can be shared with multiple devices in the aircraft, such as " glass cockpit " primary flight displays ( PFDs ).

Formal definitions of most of these concepts can be found in RM-ODP, the Open Distributed Processing Reference Model ( ISO 10746 ).

The legislation authorized the Librarian of Congress, Herbert Putnam, to “ employ competent persons to prepare such indexes, digests, and compilations of laws as may be required for Congress and other official use ...” ( The intent behind the creation of the agency can be derived from U. S. Senate, Committee on the Library, Legislative Drafting Bureau and Reference Division, 62d Cong., 3d sess., 1913, S.

Reference management software collects a much smaller database, of the publications that have been used or are likely to be used by a particular author or group, and such a database can easily be housed on an individual's personal computer.

These can be taken both in Germany and abroad, and have been adapted to fit into the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages ( CEFL ), the standard for European language testing.

Reference current I < sub > REF </ sub > is a known current, and can be provided by a resistor as shown, or by a " threshold-referenced " or " self-biased " current source to ensure that it is constant, independent of voltage supply variations.

Reference assistance can be accessed by telephone, e-mail, instant messaging, text messaging, and in-person in the Library.

Alternatively, C < sub > Building </ sub > and n < sub > Building </ sub > can be calculated using Imperial units, with ρ and ∆ P < sub > Reference </ sub > being lb / ft < sup > 3 </ sup > and lb < sub > Force </ sub >/ in < sup > 2 </ sup >, respectively.

Reference is made to the large number of non-canonical texts, some of which have been discovered during the last 100 years, which show the many movements and strands of thought emanating from Jesus ' life and teaching or which may be contemporary with them, some of which can be contrasted with Paul's thought.

Hedge funds are using Total Return Swaps to obtain leverage on the Reference Assets: they can receive the return of the asset, typically from a bank ( which has a funding cost advantage ), without having to put out the cash to buy the Asset.

In addition to a drug reference phone line, where athletes can speak to an expert, USADA has partnered with UK Anti-Doping ( UKAD ) and the Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport ( CCES ) to provide the Global Drug Reference Online ( GlobalDRO ) tool.

It can be used as a Data Link Layer protocol implementing the connection-mode data link service in the OSI Reference Model as defined by ITU-T Recommendation X. 222.

Reference information for this image can be found on the Cryptographic Module Validation Program ( CMVP ) website.

Reference to these can be seen inscribed on the stone edicts.

The mens rea for assault is simply " evil intent ", although this has been held to mean no more than that assault " cannot be committed accidentally or recklessly or negligently " as upheld in Lord Advocate's Reference No 2 of 1992 where it was found that a " hold-up " in a shop justified as a joke would still constitute an offence.

Reference may also be made to the treatise of Czapski-Eppenstein, pp. 155 – 161.

A point of reference for clinical engineers would be the catalogue published by the American Society for Hospital Engineering in the Hospital Engineering Reference Series called Maintenance Management for Medical Equipment.

The exact red, white, and blue colors to be used in the flag are specified with reference to the CAUS Standard Color Reference of America, 10th edition.

Reference may be further broken down by user groups or materials ; common collections are children's literature, young adult literature, and genealogy materials.

Tolerable upper intake levels ( UL ) for adult men and women is considered to be 35 mg / day by the Dietary Reference Intake system to avoid flushing.

( However, the risk of these hazards may be reduced by providing a reliable transmission service at a higher protocol layer of the OSI Reference Model.

Some indications are also given on the initial set of protocols which will-likely be developed in this OSI Reference Model.

While SDH is considered to be a transmission protocol ( Layer 1 in the OSI Reference Model ), it also performs some switching functions, as stated in the third bullet point requirement listed above.

* Report and Resolutions of a Public Meeting, Held at Glasgow, on Friday, March 20 1846, in Support of Sir Robert Peel's Suggestions in Reference to Railways – Peel had commented upon the impolity and danger of allowing too much capital to be invested in railways in too short a period.

Reference to this individual in the Epic of Gilgamesh has led to speculation that Gilgamesh himself may be historical.

* 1890-Central American Mission founded by C. I. Scofield, editor of the Scofield Reference Bible ; Methodist Charles Gabriel writes missionary song " Send the Light "; John Livingston Nevius of China visits Korea to outline his strategy for missions: 1 ) Each believer should be a productive member of society and active in sharing his faith ; 2 ) The church in Korea should be distinctly Korean and free of foreign control ; 3 ) The leaders of the Korean church will be selected and trained from its members ; 4 ) Church buildings will be built by Koreans with their own resources

In its decision in the Patriation Reference ( 1981 ), the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled there was a tradition that some provincial approval should be sought for constitutional reform.

One of the Orchestra and Chorus's best-known recordings, of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony conducted by Robert Shaw, was recorded for the now defunct Pro Arte label, and is out of print, though excerpts from the " Ode to Joy " fourth movement may be found in anthologies issued on the Reference Gold and Classical Heritage labels.

Reference may also be made to William Munk's Roll of the Royal College of Physicians ( 2nd ed., London, 1878 ); and the Introduction, by J. F. Payne, to a facsimile eproduction of Linacre's version of Galen de temperamentis ( Cambridge, 1881 ).

The Twin Earth thought experiment was a thought experiment presented by philosopher Hilary Putnam in his 1973 paper " Meaning and Reference " and subsequent 1975 paper " The Meaning of ' Meaning '", as an early argument for what has subsequently come to be known as semantic externalism.

The 1917 Scofield Reference Bible is now in the public domain, continues to be published, and is " consistently the best selling edition " in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Reference management software may be used to keep track of references and generate bibliographies as required.