The following year he was called to face German invaders in Gaul, who had breached the Rhine frontier in several places, destroying forts and over-running the countryside.

The most that can be said about built structures under Diocletian's reign is that he rebuilt and strengthened forts at the Upper Rhine frontier ( where he followed the works made under Probus's reign, both along the Lake Constance-Basel as well as along the Rhine – Iller – Danube line ), in Egypt, and on the frontier with Persia.

In an attempt to resolve the difficulty and slowness of transmitting orders to the frontier, the new capitals of the Tetrarchic era were all much closer to the Empire's frontiers than Rome had been: Trier sat on the Rhine, Sirmium and Serdica were close to the Danube, Thessaloniki was on the route leading eastward, and Nicomedia and Antioch were important points in dealings with Persia.

Meanwhile, the growing confederations of Franks and Alemanni broke through the frontier fortifications and settled along the Rhine frontier, invading Gaul, Hispania and Italy as far as North Africa, while Saxon pirates ravaged the Western Europen coasts.

In the first years of the 1st century, Roman legions conducted a long campaign in Germania, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, in an attempt to expand the Empire's frontiers and shorten its frontier line.

By AD 100, the time of Tacitus's Germania, Germanic tribes settled along the Roman frontier at the Rhine and the Danube ( the Limes Germanicus ), occupying most of the area of modern Germany ; however, Austria, southern Bavaria, and the western Rhineland were Roman provinces.

At the same time, there was a process of " Romanization " of the Germanic and Hunnic tribes settled on both sides of the limes ( the fortified frontier of the Empire along the Rhine and Danube rivers ).

In order for them to defend the Rhine frontier against the Germans, he then allowed the Helvetii, Tulingi and Latobrigi to return to their territories and to rebuild their homes, instructing the Allobroges to supply them with a sufficient supply of grain.

Julian's first priority, as Caesar and nominal ranking commander in Gaul, was to drive out the barbarians who had breached the Rhine frontier.

However, in areas like the Rhine frontier, purely religious considerations cannot explain the end of Mithraism and barbarian invasions may also have played a role.

* 406: The eastern frontier of the Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suevi, Alans, and Vandals cross the frozen Rhine near Mainz, and enter Gaul.

* Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened.

* The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier ; Fectio and Traiectum ( modern Utrecht ) are destroyed.

* April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy.

He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks to defend the Rhine frontier.

He strengthens the border along the Rhine frontier.

Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.

He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade Swabia.

* Constantius Chlorus defeats the Franks on the Rhine frontier in Batavia ( Netherlands ).

* Gallienus established himself at Mediolanum ( modern Milan ), he reorganizes the army supported by elite cavalry and dispatch troops to the Rhine frontier.

He was a son of King Godigisel, the Vandal king when his people breached the Rhine River frontier of the Empire on the last day of 406.

Following up the Rhine one comes to a town, Mattiacum, which must be at the border of the Roman Germany ( vicinity of Wiesbaden ).

Agrippina was born at Oppidum Ubiorum, a Roman outpost on the Rhine River located in present day Cologne, Germany.

Ultimately, it established the Rhine as the boundary of the Roman Empire for the next four hundred years, until the decline of the Roman influence in the West.

The Roman Empire made no further concerted attempts to conquer Germania beyond the Rhine.

It was regarded as a Protestant custom by the Roman Catholic majority along the lower Rhine, and was spread there only by Prussian officials who were moved there in the wake of the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Just as Belgrade was falling to Imperial forces under Max Emmanuel in the east, French troops in the west were crossing the Rhine into the Holy Roman Empire.

This was followed by The Pilgrims of the Rhine ( 1834 ), The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1834 ), Rienzi, Last of the Roman Tribunes ( 1835 ), and Harold, the Last of the Saxons ( 1848 ).

Subsequent attempts by Emperor Augustus to annex territories east of the Rhine were abandoned, after Arminius annihilated three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg forest in 9 AD.

First, Germania was a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine from Gaul, and outside Roman control.

Under other classical authors this sometimes included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine.

Arches were raised to him throughout the Roman Empire ; in particular, arches recorded his deeds and death at Rome, Rhine River and Nur Mountains.

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul ( France ), which he had conquered.

Modern Germany, east of the Rhine, remained outside the Roman Empire.

During their brief diversion from the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns appear to have threatened tribes further west, as evidenced by Radagaisus ' entering Italy at the end of 405 and the crossing of the Rhine into Gaul by Vandals, Sueves, and Alans in 406.

Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces.

Peace was settled in the Treaty of Pressburg ; the Austrian Empire lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor and the Confederation of the Rhine was created by Napoleon over former Austrian territories.

* 366 – The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.

Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

* 1806 – Sixteen German imperial states leave the Holy Roman Empire and form the Confederation of the Rhine.

In 358, Julian gained victories over the Salian Franks on the Lower Rhine, settling them in Toxandria in the Roman Empire, north of today's city of Tongeren, and over the Chamavi, who were expelled back to Hamaland.

Rivalry between him and Arminius, the Cheruscan leader who inflicted the devastating defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest on the Romans under Publius Quinctilius Varus in 9 AD, prevented a concerted attack on Roman territory across the Rhine in the north ( by Arminius ) and in the Danube basin in the south ( by Maroboduus ).