The iron law of oligarchy, introduced by Robert Michels, describes the inevitable tendency of hierarchical organizations to become oligarchic in their decision making.

There Weber became a central figure in the so-called " Weber Circle ," composed of other intellectuals such as his wife Marianne, Georg Jellinek, Ernst Troeltsch, Werner Sombart, Marc Bloch, Robert Michels and György Lukács.

Prolific authors on the subject of oligarchy include Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca, Thomas R. Dye, Robert Michels, Plato, Webster Tarpley, and Ioannes Zwetsch.

In his book Political Parties, written in 1911, Robert Michels demonstrates that most representative systems deteriorate towards an oligarchy.

Sydney Libertarianism adopted an attitude of permanent protest recognisable in the sociological theories of Max Nomad, Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, which predicted the inevitability of elites and the futility of revolutions.

Initially, there was much resistance within the movement against the founding of a political party, motivated by Robert Michels ' iron law of oligarchy, which claims that movements inevitably degenerate into oligarchies when they create a formal organization.

In 1911 Robert Michels first proposed the Iron law of oligarchy, which described the development of bureaucratic hierarchies in supposedly egalitarian and democratic socialist parties.

Robert Michels ( 9 January 1876, Cologne, Germany — 3 May 1936, Rome, Italy ) was a German sociologist who wrote on the political behavior of intellectual elites and contributed to elite theory.

* For a powerful critique of Michels see Colin Barker ‘ Robert Michels and the “ Cruel Game ”’ in Colin Barker et al eds.

* " Robert Michels And the " Iron Law of Oligarchy "," chapter 12 of Revolution and Counterrevolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structures by Seymour Martin Lipset

* Entwicklung zum faschistischen Führerstaat in der politischen philosophie von Robert Michels by Frank Pfetsch ( 1965 )

* Robert Michels ; vom sozialistisch-syndikalistischen zum faschistischen Credo by Wilfried Röhrich ( Duncker & Humblot, 1971, ISBN 3-428-02610-1 ).

* The anti-democratic sources of elite theory: Pareto, Mosca, Michels by Robert A. Nye ( SAGE, 1977, ISBN 0-8039-9872-4 ).

* Dilemmi della democrazia moderna: Max Weber e Robert Michels by Francesco Tuccari ( Laterza, 1993, ISBN 88-420-4243-9 )

* Robert Michels: die Herausbildung der modernen politischen Soziologie im Kontext von Herausforderung und Defizit der Arbeiterbewegung by Joachim Hetscher ( 1993 )

* Robert Michels und das eherne Gesetz der Oligarchie by Gustav Wagner in " Wer wählt, hat seine Stimme abegeben " Graswurzel Revolution pp. 28

Robert Michels e i dilemmi del socialismo di fronte alla guerra e all ’ imperialismo ( 1900-1915 ), Aracne, Roma 2007.

* Federico Trocini, Irredentismo e patriottismo nella scelta italiana di Robert Michels ( 1895-1915 ): un ’« arcana affinità elettiva », in « Annali dell ’ Istituto italo-germanico in Trento », XXXIII, 2007, pp. 449-490.

* Federico Trocini, Robert Michels: un marxista eterodosso al tempo della Seconda Internazionale ( 1900-1910 ), in POGGIO P. P. ( a cura di ), L ’ Altronovecento.

* Genett, Timm: Der Fremde im Kriege – Zur politischen Theorie und Biographie von Robert Michels 1876 – 1936.

): Robert Michels: Soziale Bewegungen zwischen Dynamik und Erstarrung – Essays zur Arbeiter -, Frauen-und nationalen Bewegung.

Zum ideengeschichtlichen Status von Robert Michels ‘ „ Soziologie des Parteiwesens “, in: Bluhm, Fischer, Lllanque ( Hg.

): Robert Michels ‘ Soziologie des Parteiwesens, Wiesbaden 2012, S. 69-85.

The Abbey, which was the richest in Scotland, is most famous for its association with the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath, believed to have been drafted by Abbot Bernard, who was the Chancellor of Scotland under King Robert I.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara disagreed.

Although Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia had surrendered four days earlier, Booth believed the war was not yet over because Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston's army was still fighting the Union Army.

George Shaw, who produced the first description of the animal in the Naturalist's Miscellany in 1799, stated that it was impossible not to entertain doubts as to its genuine nature, and Robert Knox believed it might have been produced by some Asian taxidermist.

The state badge is believed to have been designed by Robert Craig of Adelaide's School of Design.

In Europe and all over the world since the 1960s, artists have combined Surrealism with what is believed to be a classical 16th century technique called mischtechnik, a kind of mix of egg tempera and oil paint rediscovered by Ernst Fuchs, a contemporary of Dalí, and now practiced and taught by many followers, including Robert Venosa and Chris Mars.

Authors Marcus Raskin and Robert Spero, in 2007, also believed that President Harding was underrated and admired Harding's quest for world peace after WWI and his successful naval disarmament among strongly armed nations, including France, Britain, and Japan.

Although movie audiences had shrunk, Warner's new management believed in the drawing power of stars, signing co-production deals with several of the biggest names of the day, among them Paul Newman, Robert Redford, Barbra Streisand, and Clint Eastwood, carrying the studio successfully through the 1970s and 1980s.

The independent and distinct approaches of Robert Riley and Troels Jørgensen in the mid-to-late 1970s showed that such examples were less atypical than previously believed ; in particular their work showed that the figure eight knot complement was hyperbolic.

Lawrence Teeter, attorney for convicted assassin Sirhan Sirhan, believed Sirhan was under the influence of hypnosis when he fired his weapon at Robert F. Kennedy in 1968.

Robert is believed to have been educated at the Cathedral School of Paris.

These groups ( the groups of Lie type, together with the cyclic groups, alternating groups, and the five exceptional Mathieu groups ) were believed to be a complete list, but after a lull of almost a century since the work of Mathieu, in 1964 the first Janko group was discovered, and the remaining 20 sporadic groups were discovered or conjectured in 1965 – 1975, culminating in 1981, when Robert Griess announced that he had constructed Bernd Fischer's " Monster group ".

The origin of her name is believed by some like Robert S. P. Beekes to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops ( πηνέλοψ ) or * pēnelōps (* πηνέλωψ ), glossed by Hesychius as " some kind of bird " ( today arbitrarily identified with the Eurasian Wigeon, to which Linnaeus gave the binomial Anas penelope ), where-elōps (- έλωψ ) is a common pre-Greek suffix for predatory animals ;< ref > Zeno. org lemma relating πηνέλωψ ( gen. πηνέλοπος ) and < χην ( ά ) λοπες >· ὄρνεα ( predators ) ποιά.

However, the chief negotiator, Robert R. Livingston believed that the 3rd article of the treaty providing for the Louisiana Purchase would be acceptable to congress.

He is believed to have suggested to Robert Stephenson that a multi-tube boiler should be used.

Their daughter Ellen Marion Kinzie, believed to be the first European child of European descent born in Chicago, was born in 1805 ; followed by Maria Indiana in 1807, and Robert Allen Kinzie in 1810.

The Allies believed that the Vichy French forces would not fight, partly because of information supplied by American Consul Robert Daniel Murphy in Algiers.

French explorer René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle is believed to have crossed the county on his way westward from Victoria County ; and while La Bahia was a common route, no evidence of any settlements exist before the Anglo homesteaders.

Other radical ideas were those of the GLC division architect Robert Rigg, including one taken from housing complexes in Sweden, where it was believed that lakes and canals helped to lower levels of crime and vandalism, mainly among the young.

The response, however, was criticized at the time and subsequently by a number of prominent leaders, including René Lévesque, Robert Stanfield, and Tommy Douglas ,) believed that Trudeau was being excessive in advising the use of the War Measures Act to suspend civil liberties and that the precedent set by this incident was dangerous.

It is believed to be the location of an early settlement in the Savannah area ( prior to General Oglethrope's land grant in 1733 ) founded by three brothers, William, James, and Robert Montgomery under a land grant of 1677.

On 16 Nov 1792, " Red Banks " resident Robert Simpson wrote to Colonel Alexander D. Orr in Lexington, requesting help to appoint a magistrate in Red Banks, as he believed that some of its 30 families were of dubious character and engaged in criminal activities, creating the need for a justice system.

These resignations left Solicitor General Robert Bork as the highest-ranking member of the Justice Department ; insisting that he believed the decision unwise but also that somebody had to obey the president's orders, Bork dismissed Cox.

Robert Nozick suggested a clarification of " justification " which he believed eliminates the problem: the justification has to be such that were the justification false, the knowledge would be false.