* Prime Minister Robert Muldoon ( New Zealand )

* Prime Minister Robert Muldoon, David Lange, ( New Zealand )

* July 14 – New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.

Robert Muldoon

** Robert Muldoon, former Prime Minister of New Zealand ( b. 1921 )

The Bill of Rights was also invoked in New Zealand in the 1976 case of Fitzgerald v. Muldoon and Others, which centred on the purporting of newly appointed Prime Minister Robert Muldoon that he would advise the Governor-General to abolish a superannuation scheme established by the New Zealand Superannuation Act, 1974, without new legislation.

The superannuation scheme he helped design became law in 1974, but was disestablished by Robert Muldoon almost as soon as the National Party won the 1975 election.

He was replaced by Bill Rowling, who did not have the same charismatic appeal – in the 1975 election, Labour was defeated by National, which was led by Robert Muldoon.

# REDIRECT Robert Muldoon

The outgoing Prime Minister, Sir Robert Muldoon, had just lost an election, but refused to advise the Governor-General, Sir David Beattie, to make urgent regulations desired by both the incoming Prime Minister, David Lange, and by many in Muldoon's own party and cabinet.

Holyoake appointed a rising backbencher, Robert Muldoon as Minister of Finance in 1967, although ranked him lowly in his Cabinet.

He played an active part in the 1975 election, which saw National regain power again under Robert Muldoon.

In 1977, Holyoake was unexpectedly and controversially appointed Governor-General by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of the then Prime Minister Robert Muldoon.

For example, a former Prime Minister might be appointed Minister of State as an " elder statesman " — this was the purpose for which New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon originally created the position in 1975.

The election of the third National government in 1975 led to the day being renamed Waitangi Day because the new Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, did not like the name " New Zealand Day " and many Māori felt the new name debased the Treaty of Waitangi.

The government of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon was called on to ban the tour, in view of the commitments it had made under the Gleneagles Agreement, but decided not to interfere due to their public position of " no politics in sport ".

In 1976 the All Blacks toured South Africa, with the blessing of the then newly-elected New Zealand Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon.

Despite pressure from activists for the New Zealand government ( headed by Prime Minister Robert Muldoon ) to cancel the tour, permission was granted, and the South African team arrived in New Zealand on 19 July 1981.

These include Robert Monroe, Oliver Fox, Sylvan Muldoon and Hereward Carrington, and Yram.

On becoming an MP, Lange quickly made an impression in the House as a debater, a wit, and the scourge of Prime Minister Robert Muldoon.

When Prime Minister Robert Muldoon called the snap election of 1984, and was defeated by David Lange's New Zealand Labour Party, McKinnon remained senior Whip for his party in Opposition.

In 1984, a Constitutional Crisis arose when the outgoing " lame duck " Prime Minister Robert Muldoon refused to follow the wishes of a new incoming government led by David Lange.

Robert Muldoon, the last person to concurrently serve as Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, created considerable controversy by doing so.

Following public demonstrations against Ter-Petrosyan's policies on Nagorno-Karabakh, the President resigned in January 1998 and was replaced by Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan, who was elected President in March 1998.

Sir Robert Peel, Bt., Prime Minister 1834 – 35, 1841 – 46

Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel passed over Disraeli when putting together his government in 1841 and Disraeli, hurt, gradually became a sharp critic of Peel's government, often deliberately adopting positions contrary to those of his nominal chief.

Three-time Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury

Robert James Lee " Bob " Hawke AC GCL ( born 9 December 1929 ) is a former Australian politician who served as the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.

During the First World War Prime Minister Robert Borden attempted to form a coalition with the opposition Liberals to broaden support for controversial conscription legislation.

2004 — Prime Minister Robert Woonton visits China ; Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao grants $ 16 million in development aid.

* 1828 – Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( b. 1770 )

* 1894 – Sir Robert Menzies, twelfth Prime Minister of Australia ( d. 1978 )

Famous authors of the city include Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, Muriel Spark, author of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, James Hogg, author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, Ian Rankin, author of the Inspector Rebus series of crime thrillers, J. K. Rowling, the author of Harry Potter, who began her first book in an Edinburgh coffee shop, Adam Smith, economist, born in Kirkcaldy, and author of The Wealth of Nations, Sir Walter Scott, the author of famous titles such as Rob Roy, Ivanhoe and Heart of Midlothian, Robert Louis Stevenson, creator of Treasure Island, Kidnapped and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Irvine Welsh, author of Trainspotting.

* 1788 – Robert Peel, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( d. 1850 )

This necessarily limited his personal and political impact, especially when compared to his immediate predecessor Sir Robert Menzies, who was Prime Minister for a total of 18 years.

In 1921 Thomas Holt enrolled his sons at Wesley College in Melbourne, where the future Prime Minister Robert Menzies had been a star pupil.

In 1939 Holt's mentor Robert Menzies became Prime Minister after the sudden death of the incumbent Joseph Lyons and the short-term caretaker ministry of Sir Earle Page.

Prime Minister Harold Holt with US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara at The Pentagon in July 1966.

Michael Ledeen, a consultant of National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane, requested assistance from Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for help in the sale of arms to Iran.

The M ' Naghten Rules of 1843 were not a codification or definition of insanity but rather the responses of a panel of judges to hypothetical questions posed by Parliament in the wake of Daniel M ' Naghten's acquittal for the homicide of Edward Drummond, whom he mistook for British Prime Minister Robert Peel.

* 1943 – Robert Malval, Haitian politician, 5th Prime Minister of Haiti

In June 1937, when Lord Mount Temple, the Chairman of the Anglo-German Fellowship, asked to see the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain after meeting Hitler in a visit arranged by Ribbentrop, Robert Vansittart, the British Foreign Office's Undersecretary wrote a memo stating that :" The P. M. Minister should certainly not see Lord Mount Temple – nor should the S of S. We really must put a stop to this eternal butting in of amateurs – and Lord Mount Temple is a particularly silly one.

His 1970s films included Monte Walsh ( 1970 ) with Jeanne Moreau, the violent Prime Cut ( 1972 ) with Gene Hackman, Pocket Money ( 1972 ) with Paul Newman, Emperor of the North Pole ( 1973 ) opposite Ernest Borgnine, as Hickey in The Iceman Cometh ( 1973 ) with Fredric March and Robert Ryan, The Spikes Gang ( 1974 ) with Noah Beery, Jr., The Klansman ( 1974 ) with Richard Burton, Shout at the Devil ( 1976 ) with Roger Moore, The Great Scout and Cathouse Thursday ( 1976 ) with Oliver Reed, and Avalanche Express ( 1978 ) with Robert Shaw.

* 1848 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin become the first Prime Ministers of the Province of Canada to be democratically elected under a system of responsible government.

They arise from the attempted assassination of the British Prime Minister, Robert Peel, in 1843 by Daniel M ' Naghten.

Although officially denied by the Nigerian government, Nigeria is known to have also provided secret military training at the Kaduna first mechanized army division and provided other material support to Joshua Nkomo and Robert Mugabe's guerrilla forces during the Rhodesian Bush War ( Renamed Zimbabwe in 1979 ) of independence against white minority rule of Prime Minister Ian Douglas Smith which was armed and financed by the regime in South Africa.

Page remained dominant in the party until 1939 and briefly served as an interim Prime Minister between the death of Joseph Lyons and the election of Robert Menzies as his successor, but Page's refusal to serve under Menzies led to his resignation as leader.