Marble, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE, from the collection of Cardinal Albani

Marble Roman copy after a 5th-century BC Greek original attributed to Polykleitos.

The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares, made between 350 and 325 BCE.

** Farnese Atlas, a 2nd-century Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic sculpture of the Titan, " Atlas "

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Herm of Hermes, Roman copy of a late 5th century BC original, the forefront inscription states the herm was made by Alcamenes and placed infront of the gates of Pergamon, Istanbul Archaeology Museums | Istanbul Museums.

It was not uncommon for an organisation under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents.

Page from the Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands

( Marble, Roman copy of the 1st – 2nd century CE )

Hermes Fastening his Sandal, early Imperial Roman marble copy of a Lysippus | Lysippan bronze ( Louvre Museum )

The Dying Gaul, a Roman marble copy of a Hellenistic work of the late 3rd century BCE Capitoline Museums, Rome

Bust ( sculpture ) | Bust inscribed Sappho of Eressos, Roman copy of a Greek original of the 5th century BC

It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC, perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt.

A Hellenistic or Roman copy after a Late Classical original is at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia.

Perhaps the original or a Roman copy of the 1st century AD is discovered in 1506.

The Dying Gaul, an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost ancient Greek statue, thought to have been executed in bronze, commissioned some time between 230 BC – 220 BC by Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Galatians

A partial marble bust ( sculpture ) | bust of Chrysippus, Roman era | Roman copy of a Hellenistic original, Louvre Museum

When a copy of his paradigm shifting " The Obedience of a Christian Man " fell into the hands of Henry VIII, the king found the rationale to break the Church in England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534.

Artemis with a Hind, a Ancient Rome | Roman copy of an Ancient Greece | Ancient Greek sculpture, c325 BC, by Leochares

Bishop Turrubius of Astorga, astonished at the spread of this sect in Spain, had addressed the other Spanish bishops on the subject, sending a copy of his letter to Leo, who took the opportunity to exercise Roman policy in Spain.

Bust of Demosthenes ( British Museum, London ), Roman copy of a Greek original sculpted by Polyeuktos.

Billecocq, undertook the strenuous task to manually copy the neumes of two schools of generally concordant rhythmic manuscripts ( Einsiedeln / Sankt Gallen and Laon ) into the new type-set Roman Gradual of 1974.

A Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.

Apollo ( Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek:, Apollōn ( gen .: ); Doric:, Apellōn ; Arcadocypriot:, Apeilōn ; Aeolic:, Aploun ; ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in ancient Greek and Roman religion, Greek and Roman mythology, and Greco – Roman Neopaganism.

As a quintessentially Greek god, Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent, although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus.

Apollo is a common theme in Greek and Roman art and also in the art of the Renaissance.

The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art.

* Smith, William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London ( 1873 ).

Later, in the Greek and Roman periods, mouth rinsing following mechanical cleansing became common among the upper classes, and Hippocrates recommended a mixture of salt, alum, and vinegar.

The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the Greek and Roman eras.

Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, the Festum Veneris et Fortunae Virilis being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite ( Aphros ), or from the Etruscan name Apru.

* Smith, William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London ( 1873 ).

* Roy George, " Athena: The sculptures of the goddess " — A repertory of Greek and Roman types

Classical-Relating to or from ancient Roman or Greek architecture and art.

In contrast, in the Arian German kingdoms established on the wreckage of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, there were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers.

By the early 5th century Britain had been Roman for over three hundred and fifty years.

Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century ; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

After the construction of the Theodosian Walls in the early 5th century, it was extended to the new Golden Gate, reaching a total length of seven Roman miles.

The city provided a defence for the eastern provinces of the old Roman Empire against the barbarian invasions of the 5th century.

A book frontispiece ( decorative illustration facing a book's title page ) for Apicius, a collection of Roman cookery recipe s, circa the late 4th or early 5th century Common Era | CE.

The decline of the Roman infrastructure made it more difficult to field large infantry forces, and during the 4th and 5th centuries cavalry began to take a more dominant role on the European battlefield, also in part made possible by the appearance of new, larger breeds of horses.

The Roman writer Vitruvius credited the invention of the Corinthian order to Callimachus, a Greek sculptor of the 5th century BCE.

The council marked a significant turning point in the Christological debates that led to the separation of the church of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century.

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

In the 5th century, Oriental Orthodoxy separated from Chalcedonian Christianity ( and is therefore separate from both the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches ), well before the 11th century Great Schism.

When the Franks invaded the Roman territories ( from the end of the 4th century and well into the 5th century ) they brought their language with them and Celtic and Latin were replaced by Old Dutch.

In the 5th century, the Völkerwanderung ( or Germanic migrations ) brought a number of Barbarian tribes into the failing Roman Empire.

The first Germanic tribes to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the Roman Empire decayed.

Rather than there being any convenient date for the " fall of the Roman Empire " there was a progressive " de-Romanization " of the Western Roman Empire in Hispania and a weakening of central authority, throughout the 3rd, 4th and 5th centuries.

In AD 43 the Roman conquest of Britain began ; the Romans maintained control of their province of Britannia through to the 5th century.

Most Romans departed from Britain around the year 410, which began the sub-Roman period ( 5th – 6th centuries ), but the legacy of the Roman Empire was felt for centuries in Britain.

By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

In the 5th century, The Western Roman Empire collapsed leading to Christian migration into Palastina and development of a Christian majority.