Hegel, French materialist and utilitarian philosophe Claude Adrien Helvétius, Swiss collectivist philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, and Savoyard conservative Joseph de Maistre as thinkers who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.

In this essay, which elaborates on the ideas introduced in the Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, Rousseau traces man's social evolution from a primitive state of nature to modern society.

Rousseau posits that the original, deeply flawed Social Contract ( i. e., that of Hobbes ), which led to the modern state, was made at the suggestion of the rich and powerful, who tricked the general population into surrendering their liberties to them and instituted inequality as a fundamental feature of human society.

Today we would call this the disciplinary method of " natural consequences " since, like modern psychologists, Rousseau felt that children learn right and wrong through experiencing the consequences of their acts rather than through physical punishment.

Although his ideas foreshadowed modern ones in many ways, in one way they do not: Rousseau was a believer in the moral superiority of the patriarchal family on the antique Roman model.

John Darling's 1994 book Child-Centered Education and its Critics argues that the history of modern educational theory is a series of footnotes to Rousseau, a development he regards as bad.

Good or bad, the theories of educators such as Rousseau's near contemporaries Pestalozzi, Mme de Genlis, and later, Maria Montessori, and John Dewey, which have directly influenced modern educational practices do have significant points in common with those of Rousseau.

Having converted to Roman Catholicism early in life and returned to the austere Calvinism of his native Geneva as part of his period of moral reform, Rousseau maintained a profession of that religious philosophy and of John Calvin as a modern lawgiver throughout the remainder of his life.

Following the French Revolution, other commentators fingered a potential danger of Rousseau ’ s project of realizing an “ antique ” conception of virtue amongst the citizenry in a modern world ( e. g. through education, physical exercise, a citizen militia, public holidays, and the like ).

" As Ter Ellingson demonstrates, Crawfurd was responsible for re-introducing the Pre-Rousseauian concept of ' the Noble Savage ' to modern anthropology, attributing it wrongly and quite deliberately to Rousseau .”

" But Maloy adds that " The totalitarian thesis in Rousseau studies has, by now, been discredited as an attribution of real historical influence .” Arthur Melzer, however, while conceding that Rousseau would not have approved of modern nationalism, observes that his theories do contain the " seeds of nationalism ", insofar as they set forth the " politics of identification ", which are rooted in sympathetic emotion.

Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Hume, Rousseau and Kant.

Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People ( 1830, Louvre ), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies ( especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution ) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke.

Republicanism, especially that of Rousseau, played a central role in the French Revolution and foreshadowed modern republicanism.

" As Ter Ellingson demonstrates, Crawfurd was responsible for re-introducing the Pre-Rousseauian concept of ' the Noble Savage ' to modern anthropology, attributing it wrongly and quite deliberately to Rousseau .”

A new school, that of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, tried to make teaching more modern and more human, but at the sacrifice of mental discipline and scientific aim.

The man usually credited with-or accused of-creating the modern notion of childhood is Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau coined the term in chapter 8, book 4 of The Social Contract ( 1762 ), to describe what he regarded as the moral and spiritual foundation essential for any modern society.

British philosopher Isaiah Berlin listed Helvetius, along with Hegel, Fichte, Rousseau, Saint-Simon and Maistre as one of the six " enemies of freedom " who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.

Later modern philosophers such as La Rochefoucauld, David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau also focused on morality, but desire was central to French thought and Hume himself tended to adopt a French worldview and temperament.

Popular sovereignty in its modern sense-that is, including all the people and not just noblemen-is an idea that dates to the social contracts school ( mid-17th to mid-18th centuries ), represented by Thomas Hobbes ( 1588 – 1679 ), John Locke ( 1632 – 1704 ), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 – 1778 ), author of The Social Contract, a prominent political work that clearly highlighted the ideals of " general will " and further matured the idea of popular sovereignty.

Many styles of modern art, including Fauvism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dada, Abstract art, Surrealism are represented with works by Matisse, André Derain, Maurice de Vlaminck, Raoul Dufy, Albert Marquet, Le Douanier Rousseau, Paul Signac, Georges Braque, Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, August Macke, Alexej von Jawlensky, Emil Nolde, Oskar Kokoschka, Otto Dix, George Grosz, Kurt Schwitters, Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Carlo Carrà, Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini, Marc Chagall, Natalia Gontcharova, Mikhail Larionov, Alexander Rodchenko, Kupka, Mondrian, Theo Van Doesburg, Paul Klee, Vassili Kandinsky, Kasimir Malevich, Jacques Villon, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Georges Rouault, Balthus, Max Beckmann, Brancusi and Calder, Soutine, Marc Chagall, Modigliani, Kees Van Dongen, Jean Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, André Breton, Salvador Dalí, Magritte, Max Ernst, Miro, Man Ray, Alberto Giacometti, René Iché, Nicolas de Staël, André Masson, Tanguy, Jean Tinguely, Yves Klein, Pollock, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Willem de Kooning, and Francis Bacon.

Slavoj Žižek stated that " all modern egalitarian radicals, from Rousseau to the Jacobins … imagined the republican France as a new Sparta ".

Yet, after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will, the same philosophy, it may be said, became the idea source of the French Revolution also.

This has led some critics to attribute to Rousseau the invention of the idea of the noble savage, which Arthur Lovejoy ' conclusively showed misrepresents Rousseau's thought.

Rousseau was opposed to the idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a representative assembly ( Book III, Chapter XV ).

It was the country versus the city — an exasperating idea for them, as was the amazing fact that every new work of Rousseau ’ s was a huge success, whether the subject was politics, theater, education, religion, or a novel about love.

In this respect he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc., and is the first to formulate that idea of “ education according to nature ” so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the nineteenth century.

Tench's accounts were influenced by the liberalism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the idea of the noble savage.

On the other hand, Costanzo Preve ( 1990 ) has assigned four " masters " to Marx: Epicurus ( to whom he dedicated his thesis, Difference of natural philosophy between Democritus and Epicurus, 1841 ) for his materialism and theory of clinamen which opened up a realm of liberty ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, from which come his idea of egalitarian democracy ; Adam Smith, from whom came the idea that the grounds of property is labour ; and finally Hegel.

Whether men were seen as naturally more prone to violence and rapine ( Hobbes ) or cooperation and kindness ( Rousseau ), the idea that a legitimate social order emerges only when the liberties and duties are equal among citizens binds the social contract thinkers to the concept of popular sovereignty.

Various connecting threads among these varied uprisings include a concern for the " Rights of Man " and freedom of the individual ; an idea ( often predicated on John Locke or Jean-Jacques Rousseau ) of popular sovereignty ; belief in a " social contract ", which in turn was often codified in written constitutions ; a certain complex of religious convictions often associated with Deism or Voltairean agnosticism, and characterized by veneration of reason ; abhorrence of feudalism and often of monarchy itself.

However, it was in reading a comic Dominique Rousseau that the idea came to the group.

The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate ; as Rousseau asserts, only the people, in the form of the sovereign, have that all-powerful right.

Sieyès and Condorcet also advanced the idea of " limited privilege ," against perpetual privileges, thus preparing the inclusion in the public domain of the works of Racine, Molière, Rousseau, Voltaire, etc.

They challenged the idea of absolute monarchy and demanded a social contract as the new basis of political authority, and demanded a more democratic organization of central power in a constitutional monarchy, with a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government ( Montesquieu, Diderot, and Rousseau.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke considered the idea to be an impossibility, a self-contradiction, but for different reasons.

" For the high bourgeois standard of living Rousseau would substitute the middling peasant ’ s.

Rousseau was proud that his family, of the moyen order ( or middle-class ), had voting rights in the city.

At first, they did not live together, though later Rousseau took Thérèse and her mother in to live with him as his servants, and himself assumed the burden of supporting her large family.

As they began to live in groups and form clans they also began to experience family love, which Rousseau saw as the source of the greatest happiness known to humanity.

Petersen describes Daniel Malthus as " a gentleman of good family and independent means ... a friend of David Hume and Jean-Jacques Rousseau ".

In this adolescent period, Derrida found in the works of philosophers and writers such as Rousseau, Nietzsche, and Gide, an instrument of revolt against the family and society:

A friendship with Rousseau, which lasted in some measure to the end, may have been due in the first instance to the fact that Rousseau had been domestic tutor in the family of Condillac's elder brother, Jean Bonnot, known as Monsieur de Mably, at Lyon.

Louis Philippe, a member of the Jacobin club, used his wealth and family connections to help spread the revolutionary ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu.

Henri Rousseau was born in Laval, France in 1844 in the Loire Valley into the family of a tinsmith ; he was forced to work there as a young boy.

After attending the Lycée Albert Sarraut there, he moved with his family to Saigon in 1954, where he attended the Lycée Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Johnny Greenall ( brewing family ), but formerly visited by the French philosopher Rousseau.

Born in a family of farmers, Brisset was an outsider writer, much like Henri Rousseau was an outsider artist.

A member of a Huguenot family, Rousseau was born at Paris.