* 1339 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria ( d. 1365 )

Honorius IV appointed the envoy Archbishop of Mainz, fixed a date for the coronation, and sent Cardinal John of Tusculum to Germany to assist Rudolf I's cause.

* October 14 – The Battle on the Elster: between the armies of the two rival brothers-in-law kings of the German states, Henry IV and Rudolf of Rheinfelden met at the Weisse-Elster River in the Great Saxon Revolt civil war of the Holy Roman Empire.

* July 27 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria ( b. 1339 )

Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294 / 1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323 and as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, became also Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340 and Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland and Friesland in 1345.

With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329, the emperor Louis IV, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert.

The House of Wittelsbach split into these two branches in 1329: Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV granted the Palatinate including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to his brother Duke Rudolf's descendants, Rudolf II, Rupert I and Rupert II.

Rudolf I this way became the ancestor of the older ( Palatinate ) line of the Wittelsbach dynasty, which returned to power also in Bavaria in 1777 after the extinction of the younger ( Bavarian ) line, the descendants of Louis IV.

On the death of Meinhard, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count of Tyrol, in 1363, Upper Bavaria was claimed by the sons of the emperor Louis IV, and Tyrol by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria.

Contesting the election of Rudolf I of Habsburg as emperor, Ottokar was defeated and killed by Rudolf, who took Austria with the assistance of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary.

Following the notable but short reign of Rudolf IV ( the first to claim the title of Archduke of Austria ), his brothers Albert III and Leopold III split the realms in the Treaty of Neuberg in 1379.

* November 1 – Duke Rudolf IV of Austria ( d. 1365 )

1251 / 53, Rheinfelden – 23 December 1304, Munich ), married 1273 in Aachen to Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and became mother of Rudolf I, Count Palatine of the Rhine and Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry ; however, the deal never came off.

The University was founded on March 12, 1365 by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, and his two brothers, Dukes Albert III and Leopold III, hence the additional name “ Alma Mater Rudolphina ”.

In 1365, Rudolf IV sanctioned a deed of foundation for a doctoral-level university in Vienna, modelled on the University of Paris.

When Henry died 1335 Jan, King of Bohemia, renounced his claims, and Albrecht, Duke of Austria, received Carniola ; it was proclaimed a duchy by Rudolf IV, in 1364.

Her older five siblings were: Adelaide ( later Abbess of Quedlinburg ), Gisela ( who died in infancy before her birth ), Matilda ( later wife of Rudolf of Rheinfelden, Duke of Swabia and Antiking ), Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Conrad II, Duke of Bavaria ( who also died in infancy ).

In 1358 the Habsburg Duke Rudolf IV imparted coats of arms to those provinces without them and ordered the Slovenian Hat to be placed above the arms of the Slovenian March ( later called Lower Carniola and now a province of Slovenia ).

Although this dignity was a titular one, Berthold actually lost it when in the course of the Investiture Controversy he joined the rising of his former rival Rudolf of Rheinfelden against German king Henry IV in 1073.

Godfrey fought with Henry and his forces against the rival forces of Rudolf of Swabia and also took part in battles in Italy when Henry IV actually took Rome away from the pope.

As Margrave Egbert II of Meissen supported anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy, King Henry IV of Germany in 1076 awarded the Milceni lands of Upper Lusatia as a fief to the Bohemian duke Vladislaus.

In 1227, Otto was joined by his former enemy, count Floris IV, Count of Holland, to suppress a rebellion by the people of Drenthe, led by Rudolf of Coevorden.

He read Kant's Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft, and participated in the Vienna Circle with Moritz Schlick, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap.

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

# 362r: Rudolf der Schreiber ( unidentified )

* Steiner, Rudolf ( 1984 ) Esoteric Christianity and the Mission of Christian Rosenkreutz: Thirteen lectures given in various European cities in the years 1911 and 1912 ( a partial translation of Steiner, Rudolf ( 1962 ) Das esoterische Christentum und die geistige Führung der Menschheit: dreiundzwanzig Vorträge, gehalten in den Jahr.

1911 und 1912 in verschiedenen Städten Verlag der Rudolf Steiner-Nachlassverwaltung, Dornach, Switzerland ) Rudolf Steiner Press, London, OCLC 264715257 ; see full text from the Rudolf Steiner Archive

* In prose he appears as the main character in Rudolf Hagelstange's book Spielball der Götter ( Game of Gods ).

She met her future husband, Rudolf Sieber, on the set of another film made that year, Tragödie der Liebe.

* Axel Munthe, der Arzt von San Michele, directed by Rudolf Jugert, starring O. W.

* Synchronismen der irischen Konige, Rudolf Thurneysen, ZCP 19, 1933, pp. 81 – 99

Eliade's thinking was in part influenced by Rudolf Otto, Gerardus van der Leeuw, Nae Ionescu and the writings of the Traditionalist School ( René Guénon and Julius Evola ).

* Der Tapfere Soldat ( The Chocolate Soldier ) ( Rudolf Friml ) Vienna production opened at the Theater an der Wien on November 14 and ran for 62 performances

* Under the penname Rudolf Springer: Der Kampf der Nation um den Staat ( 1902 )

The same summer he became one of the principal masters in the Friedrichs-Gymnasium of Königsberg, where he assisted his colleague, the Germanist Friedrich Karl Köpke, with his edition of Rudolf von Ems ' Barlaam und Josaphat ( 1818 ), and also assisted his friend in a contemplated edition of the works of Walther von der Vogelweide.

Lachmann, who was the translator of the first volume of PE Müller's Sagabibliothek des skandinavischen Altertums ( 1816 ), is a figure of considerable importance in the history of German philology ( see Rudolf von Raumer, Geschichte der germanischen Philologie, 1870 ).

* Rudolf Carnap, Abriss der Logistik, 1929

* Rudolf Carnap, Logische Syntax der Sprache, 1934 ( The Logical Syntax of Language, New York: Humanities, 1937 )

* Rudolf Carnap, Die Aufgabe der Wissenschaftlogik, 1934

* Rudolf Carnap, " Überwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache " in Erkenntnis, vol.

Rudolf Clausius ' 1857 treatise entitled Über die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen ( On the Kind of Motion which we Call Heat ).< ref > Van der Waals, Johannes, D. ( 1910 ).

Later recipients include Arthur Compton ( 1954 ), Hermann Hesse ( 1954 ), Albert Schweitzer ( 1954 ), Thomas Mann ( 1955 ), Oskar Kokoschka ( 1955 ), Carl Orff ( 1956 ), Erwin Schrödinger ( 1956 ), Thornton Wilder ( 1956 ), Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1956 ), Werner Heisenberg ( 1957 ), Gerhard Ritter ( 1957 ), Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1957 ), Percy Ernst Schramm ( 1958 ), Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker ( 1961 ), Karl Jaspers ( 1964 ), Otto Klemperer ( 1967 ), Carl Zuckmayer ( 1967 ), Henry Moore ( 1972 ), Raymond Aron ( 1973 ), George F. Kennan ( 1976 ), Friedrich Hayek ( 1977 ), Karl Popper ( 1980 ), Eugène Ionesco ( 1983 ), Hans Bethe ( 1984 ), Gordon A. Craig ( 1990 ), Rudolf Mößbauer ( 1996 ), Umberto Eco ( 1998 ), Hans Magnus Enzensberger ( 1999 ), and Wim Wenders ( 2005 ).