* 1864 – Rudolf Kjellén, Swedish scientist ( d. 1922 )

The term was coined at the beginning of the 20th century by Rudolf Kjellén ( 1864 – 1922 ), a Swedish political scientist.

After World War I, the thoughts of Rudolf Kjellén and Ratzel were picked up and extended by a number of German authors such as Karl Haushofer ( 1869 – 1946 ), Erich Obst, Hermann Lautensach and Otto Maull.

Haushofer developed Geopolitik from widely varied sources, including the writings of Oswald Spengler, Alexander Humboldt, Karl Ritter, Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellén, and Halford J. Mackinder.

Enunciated most forcefully by Friedrich Ratzel and his Swedish student Rudolf Kjellén, they include an organic or anthropomorphized conception of the state, and the need for self-sufficiency through the top-down organization of society.

In attempts to tie race and culture together, Spengler is echoing ideas similar to those of Friedrich Ratzel and Rudolf Kjellén.

Originally used in the 19th century, the term had already been used by various thinkers from Europe, the German school of Geopolitics ; Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellén mentions it in a two-volume book from 1905.

The term originates with Rudolf Kjellén in the 1920s who also coined the term geopolitics.

Friedrich Ratzel and Rudolf Kjellén developed an organic theory of the state which laid the foundation for Germany's unique school of geostrategy.

Rudolf Kjellén 1864-1922

Geopolitik developed from widely varied sources, including the writings of Oswald Spengler, Alexander Humboldt, Karl Ritter, Friedrich Ratzel, Rudolf Kjellén, and Karl Haushofer.

Enunciated most forcefully by Friedrich Ratzel and his Swedish student Rudolf Kjellén, they include an organic or anthropomorphized conception of the state, and the need for self-sufficiency through the top-down organization of society.

# REDIRECT Rudolf Kjellén

# REDIRECT Rudolf Kjellén

# REDIRECT Rudolf Kjellén

His intellectual influences ranged from Rudolf Kjellén and Oswald Spengler to Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche.

This work resumed however with the development of the so-called " Second Quest ", among whose notable exponents was Rudolf Bultmann's student Ernst Käsemann.

Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss was overall commandant of the Auschwitz complex from May 1940 – November 1943 ; Obersturmbannführer Arthur Liebehenschel from November 1943 – May 1944 ; and Sturmbannführer Richard Baer from May 1944 – January 1945.

It was subsequently acquired by the Emperor Rudolf II and taken to Prague.

Though Rudolf Steiner studied natural science at the Vienna Technical University at the undergraduate level, his doctorate was in epistemology and very little of his work is directly concerned with the empirical sciences.

Born in Orbe, today in Switzerland, she was the daughter of Rudolf II of Burgundy and Bertha of Swabia.

Adolf Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess was kept under escort at Maindiff Court Military Hospital during the Second World War, after his flight to Britain.

The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund ( 1878 – 1960 ) of jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle.

The original idea of his then Minister of Finance, Rudolf Hommes, was that the country should import agricultural products in which it was not competitive, like maize, wheat, cotton and soybeans and export the ones in which it had an advantage, like fruits and flowers.

The early personages most cited for propounding composting within farming are for the German-speaking world Rudolf Steiner, founder of a farming method called biodynamics, and Annie Francé-Harrar, who was appointed on behalf of the government in Mexico and supported the country 1950 – 1958 to set up a large humus organization in the fight against erosion and soil degradation.

The Carnot engine model was graphically expanded upon by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 and mathematically elaborated upon by Rudolf Clausius in 1857 and 66 from which the concept of entropy emerged.

His brain was preserved and was studied by Rudolf Wagner who found its mass to be 1, 492 grams and the cerebral area equal to 219, 588 square millimeters ( 340. 362 square inches ).

Comparative law in the US was brought by a legal scholar fleeing persecution in Germany, Rudolf Schlesinger.

Researchers have been trying to identify the biological basis of dyslexia since it was first identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881 and the term dyslexia coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin.

The engine was developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1893.

Rudolf Diesel was born in Paris in 1858 into a family of German expatriates.

Though best known for his invention of the pressure-ignited heat engine that bears his name, Rudolf Diesel was also a well-respected thermal engineer and a social theorist.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

The term entropy was coined in 1865 by Rudolf Clausius based on the Greek εντροπία, a turning toward, from εν-( in ) and τροπή ( turn, conversion ).

The thermodynamic definition was developed in the early 1850s by Rudolf Clausius and essentially describes how to measure the entropy of an isolated system in thermodynamic equilibrium.

In the 20th century, Theosophy was further developed by Annie Besant and Charles Webster Leadbeater, while people like Alice Bailey, Rudolf Steiner and many others, became the source for a whole range of post-theosophical movements such as The Summit Lighthouse.

Anthroposophy, which was founded by Rudolf Steiner in the early part of the 20th century, includes esoteric versions of education, agriculture, and medicine.

It was the last prewar Grand Prix at Monaco, for in 1938, the demand for ₤ 500 ( about US $ 2450 Rudolf Caracciola

The word functor was borrowed by mathematicians from the philosopher Rudolf Carnap, who used the term in a linguistic context.

In 1955 the publication of Rudolf Flesch's Why Johnny Can ’ t Read leveled criticism of reading programs at the progressive emphasis on reading in context.

* Flesch, Rudolf, Why Johnny Can ’ t Read, New York: Harper and Row, 1955

In 1877, Rudolf Virchow ( 1821 – 1902 ), once an inspiration to Haeckel at Würzburg, proclaimed that Haeckel ’ s embryo drawings represent mere hypotheses.

The conflict was not, so they thought, with Hitler, but with his lieutenants, Rudolf Hess, Julius Streicher and Hermann Esser, who, they said, were mismanaging the party in Hitler ’ s absence.

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

The schools with the most-lasting effect in founding the modern versions of thermodynamics are the Berlin school, particularly as established in Rudolf Clausius ’ s 1865 textbook The Mechanical Theory of Heat, the Vienna school, with the statistical mechanics of Ludwig Boltzmann, and the Gibbsian school at Yale University, American engineer Willard Gibbs ' 1876 On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances launching chemical thermodynamics.

He takes the plans to Rotwang ( Rudolf Klein-Rogge ), a scientist and old collaborator who informs him the plans show the underground tunnels that lie beneath the worker ’ s city.

Recklinghausen is now known for his contributions to staining methods, and most importantly for his important paper on neurofibromatosis published in 1881, to honor Rudolf Virchow ’ s 25 year jubilee, in which he describes neurofibromatosis.

Major recordings include the Bach Cello Suites in 1960 ( Paris ) and 1982 ( London ), Elgar's Cello Concerto with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Adrian Boult conducting in 1972, and Strauss ’ s Don Quixote with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Thomas Beecham conducting in 1947 / 48 and the Staatskapelle Dresden, Rudolf Kempe conducting in 1973 ( all for EMI for whom he was under exclusive contract ).

Karl Ludwig renounced his succession rights a few days after Rudolf ’ s death, meaning his oldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand became heir presumptive.

On July 15, 1907, Emil ’ s mother remarried ; her second husband was Rudolf Hübner a prosperous manufacturer in the German-speaking city of Reichenberg, Bohemia ( now Liberec, in the Czech Republic ).

In 1923, while teaching in Berlin, Wertheimer married Anna ( called Anni ) Caro, a physician ’ s daughter, with whom he had four children: Rudolf ( who died in infancy ), Valentin, Michael and Lise.

On 22 March 1900, Stéphanie of Belgium – Charlotte ’ s niece and Rudolf ’ s widow – chose the chapel of the castle for her second marriage to the Hungarian noble Elemér de Lónyay.

According to Rudolf Herrnstadt ’ s recollections, Semyonov at one point confronted them over how badly the situation had deteriorated.

Albert Schweitzer, Rudolf Bultmann, Norman Perrin and Johannes Weiss argued that Jesus ’ " kingdom " was intended to be a wholly futuristic kingdom.

Other towns and cities began to follow Liverpool ’ s example, leading in 1884 to the founding of the London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ( London SPCC ) by Lord Shaftesbury, Reverend Edward Rudolf and Reverend Benjamin Waugh.

The irrational-mystic approach to the study of religion also has its proponents ( one could mention the tradition of Rudolf Otto and his classic The Holy ( 1917 ) here ), but in the Comparative Religion field, Gulkowitsch ’ s approach, if somehow modified, could today be considered mainstream.

Rudolf Steiner has spoken about two great spiritual events: the return of Christ in the ethereal world ( and not in a physical body ), because people must develop their faculties until they can reach the ethereal world ; and the incarnation of Ahriman, Zoroaster ’ s “ destructive spirit " that will try to block the evolution of humanity.

The New Vault, north of the Tuscan, Ferdinand ’ s and Franz Joseph ’ s Vaults, was built by architect Karl Schwanzer, with metal doors by sculptor Rudolf Hoflehner.

An early example of this is when Walter Rudolf Hess developed focal brain stimulation technique to examine a cat ’ s brain controls of vegetative functions in addition to other behaviors.

Among Mozart ’ s double Es-dur concerto, Schubert ’ s f-moll Fantasy played with Elena and recorded ( conductors Rudolf Barshai and Karl Böhm ) were included into Gilels ’ s masterpieces.