Russian abacus

The Russian abacus, the schoty ( счёты ), usually has a single slanted deck, with ten beads on each wire ( except one wire which has four beads, for quarter-ruble fractions.

) The Russian abacus is often used vertically, with wires from left to right in the manner of a book.

As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s.

The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia.

In Western countries, a bead frame similar to the Russian abacus but with straight wires and a vertical frame has been common ( see image ).

It was in this reign that an important change in the government of the Danubian Principalities was introduced: previously, the Porte had appointed Hospodars, usually native Moldavian and Wallachian boyars, to administer those provinces ; after the Russian campaign of 1711, during which Peter the Great found an ally in Moldavia Prince Dimitrie Cantemir, the Porte began overtly deputizing Phanariote Greeks in that region, and extended the system to Wallachia after Prince Stefan Cantacuzino established links with Eugene of Savoy.

In 1965, he founded the Israel Institute for Talmudic Publications and began his monumental work on the Talmud, including translation into Hebrew, English, Russian, and various other languages.

" A writer has died ," he began, " who, together with Pushkin, Dostoevsky, and Tolstoy, forms part of the glory of Russian literature.

In order to secure communications with Georgia and other regions of the Transcaucasia, the Russian Empire began spreading its influence into the Caucasus mountains.

In spite of a gradual decrease during the 1980s, the city's population began to grow once again with the beginning of the Russian immigration in the 1990s.

* Russian Enlightenment, a period in the eighteenth century in which the government in Russia began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences

After Russian forces began to advance, previously buried victims were also exhumed and burned in Sonderaktion 1005, a Nazi attempt to destroy evidence of the Holocaust.

Russia began its film industry in 1908 with Pathé shooting some fiction subjects there, and then the creation of real Russian film companies by Aleksandr Drankov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov.

A Russian sea captain noted oil seeps along the shore of the Cook Inlet as early as 1853, and oil drilling began in 1898 in a number of locations along the southern coast of Alaska.

The Russian Empire began to expand into Asia from the 17th century, eventually taking control of all of Siberia and most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century.

She contributed to the resurgence of the Russian nobility that began after the death of Peter the Great.

From that time icons began to be painted not only in the traditional stylized and nonrealistic mode, but also in a mixture of Russian stylization and Western European realism, and in a Western European manner very much like that of Catholic religious art of the time.

Russian traders and soldiers began to appear on the northwestern edge of Kazakh territory in the 17th century, when Cossacks established the forts that later became the cities of Yaitsk ( modern Oral ) and Guryev ( modern Atyrau ).

In the early 19th century, the construction of Russian forts began to have a destructive effect on the Kazakh traditional economy by limiting the once-vast territory over which the nomadic tribes could drive their herds and flocks.

The final disruption of nomadism began in the 1890s, when many Russian settlers were introduced into the fertile lands of northern and eastern Kazakhstan.

Beginning in mid-August 1990, Kazakh and Russian nationalists began to demonstrate frequently around Kazakhstan's parliament building, attempting to influence the final statement of sovereignty being developed within.

As classical Russian ethnic groups were injected into the Soviet Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the urbanization process began and was mainly authored by the Russian communities placed within the Soviet Republic, mostly by policies created by the communist party.

The company began to make steel cannons in the 1840s — especially for the Russian, Turkish, and Prussian armies.

The effect of this exhibition was comparable with that of Paul Cézanne in Paris in 1907, as all the main Russian avant-garde artists of the time ( including Malevich ) immediately absorbed the cubist principles and began using them in their works.

The word kulak originally referred to independent farmers in the Russian Empire who emerged from the peasantry and became wealthy following the Stolypin reform, which began in 1906.

While at university, Zamenhof began using the Russian name Lyudovik ( often transcribed Ludovic ; in English the form Ludwig is also used ) in place of Lazar.

It may have been at Gabo's house that he began the study of Russian.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible ( 1547-1584 A. D .), Matvei Simyonich Dalmatov, the first martyr of the Russian Molokan faith, split with the Nestorian Church and began to evangelize his family, his master, and local village members in and around the city of Tambov.

* 1808 – Without a previous declaration of war, Russian troops cross the border to Sweden at Abborfors in eastern Finland, thus beginning the Finnish war, in which Sweden will lose the eastern half of the country ( i. e. Finland ) to Russia.

Their path was facilitated by the previous actions of the Decembrists, who revolted in 1825, and the financial and political hardship caused by the Crimean War, which caused large numbers of Russian people to lose faith in political institutions.

At the end of the Crimean War, in 1856, by the Treaty of Paris, two districts of southern Bessarabia were returned to Moldavia, causing the Russian Empire to lose access to the Danube river.

In 1997, the Russian government sold off enough of its share to lose the majority position.

As the Russian Civil War weakened the Russian Empire, the Baltic countries won the independence war against both the Russian army and the Baltic Germans of the United Baltic Duchy, making the former Baltic German elite lose their status and influence.

: In a statement read on Iraqi state television, former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein said the hostage-taking would eventually benefit the United States and Israel in undermining Islam: " It's not wise for the Chechens to lose the sympathy of Russia and the Russian people.

After Rubinstein's death, his works began to lose popularity, although his piano concerti remained in the repertoire in Europe until the First World War, and his principal works have retained a toehold in the Russian concert repertoire.

This left the Russian Empire in a strengthened position to expand its territory but also lose temporary hegemony over the decentralized Poland and Sweden.

They still speak their language, but education is in Russian so there is fear they may lose their language.

In 1998 Sadval split into ‘ moderate ’ and ‘ radical ’ wings, following which it appeared to lose much of its popularity on both sides of the Russian – Azerbaijani border.

In an interview with the conservative Russian newspaper Molodaya Gvardiya in 1991, he claims that the only reason he lost was because " younger Party leaders, such as Yegor Ligachev, supported Gorbachev because they feared that if I had become Party boss, they would lose their posts.

His father remarried, and would become a successful timber merchant in the city of Homel over the ensuing years, although he would lose virtually his whole fortune after the Russian Revolution, which would prompt his son to relocate to England.

As this daily routine carries on and Erik meets more and more injured soldiers, Erik especially bonds with one Russian soldier who, due to injuries sustained, would lose both of his legs and be sent back to his family without being able to walk.

In 1997, the Russian government sold off enough of its share to lose the majority position.

* There is a common motif in Russian folk tales, where a vityaz ( Russian knight ) comes to a fork in the road and sees a menhir with an inscription that reads: " If you ride to the left, you will lose your horse, if you ride to the right, you will lose your head ".

With the Russian climate being so harsh and unpredictable, it wasn ’ t uncommon for peasants to suddenly lose all of their crops or livestock.

In particular, it will be recalled that, contrary to what happened in the case of the former Russian spy Alexander Litvinenko, Mr. Arafat did not lose his hair, and some of the findings in the forensic report are inconsistent with an acute radiation syndrome.

In those areas directly incorporated in the Russian Empire there was an intensive campaign to make the Polish population abandon their traditions and lose their national awareness.

However, after initial successes against the Russian armies, the Russians moved a 120, 000 men strong army to the area and the revolutionaries started to lose most of the skirmishes.