The Birds Directive requires the establishment of Special Protection Areas ( SPAs ) for birds.

Together, SPAs and SACs make up the Natura 2000 network of protected areas.

The SPAs are designated directly by each EU Member State, while the SACs follow a more elaborated process: each EU Member State must compile a list of the best wildlife areas containing the habitats and species listed in the Habitats Directive ; this list must then be submitted to the European Commission, after which an evaluation and selection process on European level will take place in order to become a Natura 2000 site.

Parts of the coast are additionally defined as special protection areas ( or ' SPAs ').

In Scotland, some SPAs have been classified without any underpinning designation by SSSI.

Together with Special Areas of Conservation ( SACs ), the SPAs form a network of protected sites across the EU, called Natura 2000.

As at 21 September 2006, there were 252 classified SPAs and 12 proposed SPAs in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

The sites include seven SSSIs ( site of Special Scientific Interest ), five SPAs ( Special Protection Areas ) and five Ramsar sites.

While the population of University Circle ranks on the lower end of Cleveland's 36 defined Statistical Planning Areas ( SPAs ), it ranks near the top in importance to the city's economic sector.

Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that all Members who desire to do so may extend their remarks at this point in the record ; ;

and also that they may have 5 legislative days in which to extend their remarks.

The operand need not extend across the entire operand column of either the header card or continuation cards but may end with the comma following any parameter.

Such altruism may only extend to ingroup members while there may instead prejudice and antagonism against outgroup members ( See also in-group favoritism ).

These single-cell fibers of the sciatic nerve may extend a meter or even longer.

This authority may also extend to deciding the type and quantity of ammunition to be used.

The ruins of the town may still be seen on Cape Balastra ; they cover seven small hills, and extend from an eastern to a western harbor ; on the southwestern hills are the remains of the medieval settlement of Polystylon.

Partly due to concerns about asset inflation and repurchase agreements, capital requirements may be considered more effective than reserve requirements in preventing indefinite lending: when at the threshold, a bank cannot extend another loan without acquiring further capital on its balance sheet.

When covalent bonds link long chains of atoms in large molecules, however ( as in polymers such as nylon ), or when covalent bonds extend in networks though solids that are not composed of discrete molecules ( such as diamond or quartz or the silicate minerals in many types of rock ) then the structures that result may be both strong and tough, at least in the direction oriented correctly with networks of covalent bonds.

Ndzwani was generally ruled by a single sultan, who occasionally attempted to extend his authority to Mayotte and Mwali ; Ngazidja was more fragmented, on occasion being divided into as may as 12 small kingdoms.

It is also possible to bring class actions under state law, and in some cases the court may extend its jurisdiction to all the members of the class, including out of state ( or even internationally ) as the key element is the jurisdiction that the court has over the defendant.

To extend what may have once been ten Labours to the canonical dozen, it was said that Eurystheus didn't count the Hydra, as he was assisted, nor the Augean stables, as Heracles received payment for his work.

In professional hands this may extend from B0 to as high as B5.

Singers may extend their repertoire using broadsheets, song books or CDs, but these secondary enhancements are of the same character as the primary songs experienced in the flesh.

The discipline of capital budgeting is devoted to this question, and may employ standard business valuation techniques or even extend to real options valuation ; see Financial modeling.

The use of a neck-sizing die in conjunction with moderate pressure loads may extend the life of the case significantly by minimizing the amount of case that is work hardened or stretched.

To extend the range to lower currents, multiple turns of the current-carrying wire may be made through the opening.

To extend the range to higher currents, a current divider may be used.

Coverage is typically for mortality as a result of accident, illness or disease but may extend to include infertility, in-transit loss, veterinary fees, and prospective foal.

Within this time, two psychiatrists may ask a judge to extend the commitment and order involuntary treatment.

This order extends up to the entire domain size, which may be on the order of micrometers, but usually does not extend to the macroscopic scale as often occurs in classical crystalline solids.

This produces a sensation of pain that may extend to the patient's shoulders.

This work should involve antenatal education and preparation for parenthood and may extend to women's health, sexual or reproductive health and childcare, and to gain the knowledge to counteract the lack of pain relievers and antiseptics.

These words mean that people who have in them what indeed constitutes nationality are able to extend the existence of their nation regardless of the political circumstances of that existence, and may even pursue its re-creation.

Nevertheless, it may be helpful to cite one example -- that of employment -- for, as will be shown below, it cuts across both facets of the new concept.

Information, application forms, and assistance in filing may be obtained from the Office of Minerals Exploration, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D.C., or from the appropriate regional office listed below.

Thus, a child's Skeletal Age `` dots '' may be classified as `` advanced '' when they appear above the middle curve, `` moderate '' when they appear immediately above or below the middle curve, and `` delayed '' when they appear below the lower curve.

Onsets, Completions, and Skeletal Ages ( Hand ) of boy 34 and girl 2 may be directly compared and classified, using only those Skeletal Ages which appear immediately below the Onset Profile and the Completion Profile.

In this model, then, the industry is presumed to realize that they could successfully resist a change in the basic wage rate, but since such a change is the only effective means to raising prices they may, in circumstances to be spelled out in Part 2, below, find it to their advantage to allow the wage rise.

Less ambitious freeway plans may be more successful -- especially when the roadways and interchanges are raised, allowing for cross access at many points and providing parking areas below the ramp.

Since we are considering here relatively small diameter ( 1 - 1.5 inches ) fiber plates, their average thickness can be kept below 1/4 inch and their internal losses may be assumed as 15 percent ( per plate ).

Production may fall far below expectations.

If the appellate court does find a legal defect in the decision " below " ( i. e., in the lower court ), it may " modify " the ruling to correct the defect, or it may nullify (" reverse " or " vacate ") the whole decision or any part of it.

However, appeals may be costly, and the appellate court must find an error on the part of the court below that justifies upsetting the verdict.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system ( APG ) of 1998 and APG II ( 2003 ) assigned the Alismatales to the monocots, which may be thought of as an unranked clade containing the families listed below.

Spinal disorders of various types may cause sensory ataxia from the lesioned level below, when they involve the dorsal columns

In situations in which an aircraft becomes a threat while taking off – which gives very little reaction time – a decision on shooting it down may be taken by an Indian Air Force officer not below the rank of Assistant Chief of Air Staff ( Operations ).

The polygonal walls of the acropolis may still be seen in a fair state of preservation on a circular hill standing about above the little plain of Exarcho ; one gateway remains, and there are also traces of town walls below.

Genetic testing can confirm albinism and what variety it is, but offers no medical benefits except in the cases of non-OCA disorders ( see below ) that cause albinism along with other medical problems which may be treatable.

White spots are sometimes present below the eyes, and there may be white markings on the legs and back ; the absence or presence of these white markings may be indicative of distinct races.

Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation.

The effect of a particular combination of valves may be seen in the table below.

While eating meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the National Cancer Institute states that cooking meat below creates " negligible amounts " of HCAs.

Atrioventricular conduction disturbances ( aka: AV block ; 1 < sup > o </ sup > AV block, 2 < sup > o </ sup > type I AV block, 2 < sup > o </ sup > type II AV block, 3 < sup > o </ sup > AV block ) may result from impaired conduction in the AV node, or anywhere below it, such as in the Bundle of His.

During the conversion from straight-chain form to the cyclic form, the carbon atom containing the carbonyl oxygen, called the anomeric carbon, becomes a stereogenic center with two possible configurations: The oxygen atom may take a position either above or below the plane of the ring.

At low refresh rates ( below 50 Hz ), the periodic scanning of the display may produce an irritating flicker that some people perceive more easily than others, especially when viewed with peripheral vision.