Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadia Gaon ) identified the definitive trait of " a cock girded about the loins " within Proverbs 30: 31 ( Douay – Rheims Bible ) as " the honesty of their behavior and their success ", identifying a spiritual purpose of a religious vessel within that religious and spiritual instilling schema of purpose and use.

Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saʻīd bin Yūsuf al-Fayyūmi, Sa ' id ibn Yusuf al-Dilasi, Saadia ben Yosef aluf, Sa ' id ben Yusuf ra's al-Kull ;< ref >

" The renowned Jewish scholar and writer Saadya ( Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon, 882-942 ), born in Upper Egypt ( Fayum ) and educated in Fustat ( Old Cairo ), translated the Bible into Arabic.

Abrahams, and Rabbi Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon ( Saadya ), 882-942, state that the mysterious onycha, an ingredient in the holy incense ( ketoret ) mentioned in the Old Testament, ( Exodus 30: 34-36 ), was actually labdanum.

In this work, Heschel views the 2nd century sages Rabbis Akiva ben Yosef and Ishmael ben Elisha as paradigms for the two dominant world-views in Jewish theology

Titus Flavius Josephus ( 37 – 100 ), also called Joseph ben Matityahu ( Biblical Hebrew: יוסף בן מתתיהו, Yosef ben Matityahu ), was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem-then part of Roman Judea-to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry.

Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, also spelled Yosef Caro, or Qaro, ( Toledo, 1488 – Safed, 1575 ) was author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the Shulchan Aruch, which is still authoritative for all Jews pertaining to their respective communities.

The Shulchan Aruch ( and its forerunner, the Beit Yosef ) follow the same structure as Arba ' ah Turim by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher.

Shmuel Ha-Nagid, Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, and Rabbi Moshe ben Hanoch founded the Lucena Yeshiva that produced such brilliant scholars as Rabbi Yitzhak ibn Ghiath and Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef ( father of Maimonides ).

Bahye ben Yosef Ibn Paquda, of Zaragoza, was author of the first Jewish system of ethics Al Hidayah ila Faraid al-hulub, (" Guide to the Duties of the Heart ").

He was a student of his father, Rabbi Maimon ben Yosef ( a student of Joseph ibn Migash ) in Cordoba, Spain.

Isaac Abravanel was born and raised in Lisbon ; a student of the Rabbi of Lisbon, Yosef ben Shlomo Ibn Yahya.

Similarly, the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain.

Later codes of Jewish law, e. g. Arba ' ah Turim by Rabbi Jacob ben Asher and Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Yosef Karo, draw heavily on Maimonides ' work, and in both whole sections are often quoted verbatim.

Haim Yosef David Azulai ben Isaac Zerachia ( 1724 – 1 March 1806 ) ( Hebrew: חיים יוסף דוד אזולאי ), commonly known as the Hida ( by the acronym of his name, חיד " א ), was a Jerusalem born rabbinical scholar, a noted bibliophile, and a pioneer in the publication of Jewish religious writings.

Thus, Jacob ben Asher is referred to as the Ṭur or the Ba ' al ha-Ṭurim ; Joseph Caro is known as the Bet Yosef ; and Ezekiel Landau as Noda ' bi-Yehudah ; while even more frequently were authors known by contracted forms of their names, with the addition of some honorary prefix, as given above.

Yonatan ben Yosef ( born 696, date of death unknown ) was a Talmudic rabbi.

The religious practice is mentioned for the first time by Natronai ben Hilai, Gaon of the Academy of Sura in Babylonia, in 853 C. E., who describes it as a custom of the Babylonian Jews and further explained by Jewish scholars in the ninth century by that since the Hebrew word geber ( Gever ) means both " man " and " rooster " the rooster may act or serve as a palpable substitute as a religious vessel in place of the man with the practice also having been as a custom of the Persian Jews.

The most important writers are Yose ben Yoseh, probably in the 6th century, chiefly known for his compositions for Yom Kippur ; Eleazar Kalir, the founder of the payyetanic style, perhaps in the 7th century ; Saadia Gaon ; and the Spanish school, consisting of Joseph ibn Abitur ( died in 970 ), ibn Gabirol, Isaac Gayyath, Moses ibn Ezra, Abraham ibn Ezra and Judah ha-Levi, Moses ben Nahman ( Nahmanides ) and Isaac Luria.

It was also an important resource in the study of the Babylonian Talmud by the Kairouan school of Hananel ben Hushiel and Nissim Gaon, with the result that opinions ultimately based on the Jerusalem Talmud found their way into both the Tosafot and the Mishneh Torah of Maimonides.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* 9th-12th centuries — Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ), Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ) and Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ) support a universe that has a finite past and develop two logical arguments against the notion of an infinite past, one of which is later adopted by Immanuel Kant

Despite the rivalry of ben Naphtali and the opposition of Saadia Gaon, the most eminent representative of the Babylonian school of criticism, ben Asher's codex became recognized as the standard text of the Bible.

* Sefat Yeter, in defense of Saadia Gaon against Dunash ben Labrat, whose criticism of Saadia, Ibn Ezra had brought with him from Egypt ; published by Bislichs 1838 and Lippmann 1843.

Scholars suggest that Maimonides instigated the Maimonidean Controversy when he verbally attacked Samuel ben Ali Ha-Levi al-Dastur (" Gaon of Baghdad ") as " one whom people accustom from his youth to believe that there is none like him in his generation ," and he sharply attack the " monetary demands " of the academies.

Hoter ben Shlomo was a scholar and philosopher in Yemen heavily influenced by Nethanel ben al-Fayyumi, Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and al-Ghazali.

Saadia Gaon, David ben Merwan al-Mukkamas, Maimonides, and Thomas Aquinas, to name a few, knew of at least some of the Mutazilite work, particularly Avicennism and Averroism, and the Renaissance and the use of empirical methods were inspired at least in part by Arabic translations of Greek, Jewish, Persian and Egyptian works translated into Latin during the Renaissance of the 12th century, and taken during the Reconquista in 1492.

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

While such scholars as Rabbi Saadia Gaon, Rabbi Bahya ibn Paquda, and Rabbi Yehuda Halevi elaborated on proper monotheism and the issues of idolatry, without a doubt Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon ( Maimonides ) was the most thorough in his elucidation of monotheism and the problems of idolatry.

) By the 12th century, as a result of the efforts of Babylonian leaders such as Yehudai Gaon and Pirqoi ben Baboi, the communities of Palestine, and Diaspora communities such as Kairouan which had historically followed Palestinian usages, had adopted Babylonian rulings in most respects, and Babylonian authority was accepted by Jews throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

Early attempts at standardizing the liturgy which have been preserved include, in chronological order, those of Amram Gaon, Saadia Gaon, Shelomoh ben Natan of Sijilmasa ( in Morocco ) and Maimonides.

Like Ghazali, Judah endeavored to liberate religion from the bondage of the various philosophical systems in which it had been held by his predecessors, Saadia, David ben Marwan al-Mekamez, Gabirol, and Bahya.

Chapter 14 of the Book of Isaiah refers to what Jewish exegesis of the prophetic vision of Isaiah 14: 12-15 identifies as King Nebuchadnezzar II ; the Hebrew word says " Helel ben Shaḥar " (" the shining one, son of the morning ").

A minority view identifies Theophilus as a later high priest: Mattathias ben Theophilus who served from 65-66.

The actual compiler of the chronicles identifies himself as " Eleasar ben Asher the Levite ' who, according to Gaster, lived in the Rhineland in the 14th century.

One passage relates merely that Huna ben Nathan appeared before Yazdegerd I, who with his own hands girded him with the belt which was the sign of the exilarch's office.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

The Jewish calendar's epoch ( reference date ), 1 Tishrei 1 AM, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Yossi ben Halafta, a 2nd century CE sage.

There are several Jewish authors of the 10th and 11th centuries, e. g., Aaron ben Meïr, Samuel ben Paltiel, Solomon ben Judah and others, who write about the Jews resorting to the Western Wall for devotional purposes.

Menahem ben Saruq explains that the word is derived from the Hebrew Ve ' hateif and Tatifoo, both expressions meaning " speech ", " for when one sees the tefillin it causes him to remember and speak about The Exodus from Egypt.

After marrying his American-born wife, Masha Lipshitz, in Warsaw, Poland, in 1932, the couple spent about a year in Palestine where Hutner completed his research and writing of his Kovetz Ha ' aros on Hillel ben Eliakim's commentary on midrash sifra.

He argued that throughout this history the Masorites did not invent the vowel points and accents, but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai, citing Karaite authorities Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov ( 1699 ) and his associates, who stated that " all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented, as it came out of the hands of Moses, the man of God ," The argument of the Karaites shows that some copies have always been pointed and some copies were not pointed with the vowels, especially those copies in Synagogues which Gill talks about.

Jacob Frank is believed to have been born as Jacob ben Leiba ( or Leibowits ) in Korolivka, in Podolia of Eastern Poland ( now in Ukraine ), in about 1726.

Ya ' akov ben Netan ' el, who visited the village in the 12th century during the period of Crusader rule, writes about the ruins of a synagogue quarried into the hill.

Though there is no clear source of information about this Nicodemus outside the Gospel of John, the Jewish Encyclopedia and many Biblical historians have theorized that he is identical to Nicodemus ben Gurion, mentioned in the Talmud as a wealthy and popular holy man reputed to have had miraculous powers.

Rabbi ben Ezra is a poem by Robert Browning about Abraham ibn Ezra ( 1092-1167 ), one of the great poets, mathematicians and scholars of the 12th century.

Judah must have possessed an attractive personality ; for there gathered about him as friends, even in his earliest youth, a large number of illustrious men, like Levi al-Tabban of Zaragoza, the aged poet Judah ben Abun, Judah ibn Ghayyat of Granada, Moses ibn Ezra and his brothers Judah, Joseph, and Isaac, the vizier Abu al-Hasan, Meïr ibn Kamnial, the physician and poet Solomon ben Mu ' allam of Seville, besides his schoolmates Joseph ibn Migas and Baruch Albalia.

Anan ben David's Sefer ha-Mitzvot (" The Book of the Precepts ") was published about 770.

* Rabban Shimon ben Hillel, about whom very little is known

Another disputation was held at about the same time in Pampeluna by Shem-Tob ben Isaac Shaprut of Tudela with Cardinal Don Pedro de Luna, afterward Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, the disputations being made the subjects of the books "' Ezer ha-Emunah " ( by Moses ) and " Eben Boḥan ".

Jesus is mentioned in Maimonides ' Epistle to Yemen, written about 1172 to Rabbi Jacob ben Netan ' el al-Fayyumi, head of the Yemen Jewish community during a time when Jews of that country were passing through a crisis inaugurated about 1165 by ' Abd-al-Nabi ibn Mahdi, and a campaign conducted by a recent convert to win them to his new faith.

The Bible uses the Hebrew word ben (" son ") about ten times as often as bat (" daughter ").

Isaac was succeeded by his pupil Samson ben Abraham of Sens ( d. about 1235 ), who, besides enriching the literature with his own compositions, revised those of his predecessors, especially his teacher's, and compiled them into the group known as the Tosafot of Sens.

In the Tosefta, Chullin 2: 22-24 there are two anecdotes about the min ( heretic ) named Jacob naming his mentor Yeshu ben Pandera ( Yeshu son of Pandera ).

The word Yeshu is however found as a secondary marginal gloss to the first passage in the Leiden manuscript which together with the Midrashic version show that the account was understood to be about a follower of Yeshu ben Pandera.