But John having died, the Pope and the English aristocracy changed their allegiance to his nine-year-old son, Henry, forcing the French and the Scots armies to return home.

The French cavalry exerted themselves once more against the first line – Lumley's English and Scots on the Allied left, and Hompesch's Dutch and German squadrons on the Allied right.

The French army also comprised a contingent of Scots commanded by Sir William Douglas.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

She feared that the French planned to invade England and put Mary, Queen of Scots, who was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, on the throne.

Heraldic depiction of the King of Scots from a 15thC French armorial.

French cultural influence resulted in a large influx of French vocabulary into Scots.

Some authors reject both the French and Goidelic theories and instead suggest that the ultimate source both for the Norman French, Scots and Goidelic variants of this word are to be found in a common Norse root.

The Flemish footmen at the Battle of the Golden Spurs met and overcame French knights in 1302, and the Scots held their own against heavily armored English invaders.

With the support of Prince Louis the French Heir and of King Alexander II of the Scots, they entered London in force on 10 June 1215, with the city showing its sympathy with their cause by opening its gates to them.

Although negotiations with the Scots and the lords of Ireland were unsuccessful, Owain had reasons to hope that the French and Bretons might be more welcoming.

Robert I ( 11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329 ), popularly known as Robert the Bruce ( Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis ; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis ; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys ), was King of Scots from 25 March 1306, until his death in 1329.

Meanwhile, Ponsonby's cavalry brigade, including the renowned Scots Greys, have chased the French all the way back to their lines but have become disorganized and their horses blown.

* September 12 – First Barons ' War in England ended by the Treaty of Kingston upon Thames: French and Scots are to leave England, and an amnesty is granted to rebels.

They also negotiated a treaty by which the Scots would invade England if the English invaded France, and in return the French would support the Scots.

Although Edward III invaded again, he was becoming more anxious over the possible French invasion, and by late 1336, the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland and by 1338 the tide had turned.

Furthermore the defeated Scots, secretly urged on by the French, appealed to the pope to assert a claim of overlordship to Scotland in place of the English.

Duncan Campbell was a Scots nobleman who died on July 18, 1758, as a result of wounds received in an unsuccessful frontal attack against French forces at Fort Carillon ( renamed Fort Ticonderoga when the British took the fort a year later ).

John Balliol ( Norman French: Johan de Bailliol ; – 25 November 1314 ), known to the Scots as Toom Tabard (" empty suit "), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296.

For example, privateers seized the Flemish vessel Pelarym, worth £ 2, 000, and massacred all the Scots on board.

In secrecy he also developed a plan with a consortium of Nantes privateers, funded by exiled Scots bankers and pawning of his mother's jewelry.

Within a few years the Scots, engaged in breaking the thick sod and stirring the rich soil of the valley, were joined by a group called Meurons.

Its people, including Pierre Bottineau and other American Fur Company employees and the refugees from Fort Garry, were joined by the remaining Scots and Swiss from Fort Snelling when Major Joseph Plympton expelled them from the reservation in May 1840.

The Scots were once again involved in Dr Tom Smyth's 1910 team to South Africa.

It was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots peoples in Ireland, who alongside their other Irish groups had raised their own volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met.

Many of the Scots who immigrated there were either Roman Catholics or Presbyterians, which can be seen in a number of island landmarks and place names.

Some of his pamphlets were purported to be written by Scots, misleading even reputable historians into quoting them as evidence of Scottish opinion of the time.

The others were a letter from the King of Scots, Robert I, and a letter from four Scottish bishops which all presumably made similar points.

The Scots textbooks of the divine right of kings were written in 1597-98 by James VI of Scotland before his accession to the English throne.

In 1585 negotiations were underway for King James to come to England to discuss the release of his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots, and in March Oxford was to be sent to Scotland as one of the hostages for James's safety.

At the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513, the Scots were completely and totally defeated.

In the west were the Gaelic ( Goidelic )- speaking people of Dál Riata with their royal fortress at Dunadd in Argyll, with close links with the island of Ireland, from which they brought with them the name Scots.

By the reign of Alexander III, the Scots were in a position to annexe the remainder of the western seaboard, which they did following Haakon Haakonarson's ill-fated invasion and the stalemate of the Battle of Largs with the Treaty of Perth in 1266.

Matters remained unresolved until 1640 when, in a renewal of hostilities, Charles's northern forces were defeated by the Scots at the Battle of Newburn to the west of Newcastle.

The clearances followed patterns of agricultural change throughout Britain, but were particularly notorious as a result of the late timing, the lack of legal protection for year-by-year tenants under Scots law, the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system, and the brutality of many evictions.

Scots were not significantly better educated than the English and other contemporary nations.

Even with the development of industry there were insufficient good jobs, as a result, during the period 1841-1931, about 2 million Scots migrated to North America and Australia, and another 750, 000 Scots relocated to England.

Occasionally Scottish troops made up large proportions of the active combatants, and suffered corresponding loses, as at the Battle of Loos, where there were three full Scots divisions and other Scottish units.

Thus, although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population, they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead.

The Irish and Scots were ostracised by the English, ultimately intermarrying with Black and Native American minority groups to create a single demographic ( coloured, latterly Black ).

The officers were also recruited from Europe – not from the American colonies – and consisted of English, Scots, Irish, Dutch, Swiss and Germans.

The King believed that Puritans ( or Dissenters ) encouraged by five vociferous members of the House of Commons, John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode along with Viscount Mandeville ( the future Earl of Manchester ) who sat in the House of Lords, had encouraged the Scots to invade England in the recent Bishops ' Wars and that they were intent on turning the London mob against him.

The campaign led to a bloody battle in which the Annals of Ulster report 3, 000 Scots and 1, 500 English dead, which can be taken as meaning very many on both sides, and one of Siward's sons and a son-in-law were among the dead.

The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.

In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated.