Sima Qian ( 145-86 BC ), a Prefect of the Grand Scribes ( 太史令 ) of the Han Dynasty ( 202 BC-220 AD ), is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography because of his universal history, the Records of the Grand Historian ( 史記 ).

Scribes wrote these scripts usually on papyrus with ink on a reed pen.

Abbot Johannes Trithemius of Sponheim wrote a letter, De Laude Scriptorum ( In Praise of Scribes ), to Gerlach, Abbot of Deutz in 1492 to describe for monks the merits of copying texts.

File: Albrecht Dürer-Jesus among the Doctors-Google Art Project. jpg | Twelve-year-old Jesus among the Scribes, 1506, oil on panel, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum

One prince of the fourth dynasty, Wep-em-nefret, is noted as the Overseer of the Royal Scribes, Priest of Seshat on a slab stela.

The earliest known Islamic text that uses negative numbers is A Book on What Is Necessary from the Science of Arithmetic for Scribes and Businessmen by Abū al-Wafā ' al-Būzjānī.

They were subject to strict discipline, but they were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry ; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class which quickly became the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire, rivaling the Turkish aristocracy in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military.

Some lesser known artists like Alma Afrobeat Ensemble, Zirafa and Spinnerty, d-Lo, Bozak, Melodic Scribes, DJ Librarian, UC Hiphop, Saint Syke, and Zmick are also worthy of note on simply a local scale.

However, on 14 January 1998 he was disqualified by the high court from acting as a company director for seven years under section 8 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 for mismanagement of four companies – the London drinking club Scribes West Ltd, Edenote plc, Tottenham Hotspur plc and Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd.

* Khazarian Rovas inscription on the Kievien Letter in the book Heritage of Scribes.

When shown on public television, WCNY in Syracuse, New York presented the show, which was produced by the non-profit Craftsmen and Scribes ' Creative Workshop and Creative Media Solutions TV, also based in Syracuse, New York.

The kingdom's bureaucracy was headed by the Gal Dubsar ( Chief of the Scribes ), whose authority didn't extend only over the Lugal Dubsar, the king's personal scribe.

Jesus ' warning in that " this generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled " is tied back to his similar warning to the Scribes and the Pharisees that their judgment would " come upon this generation " (), that is, during the first century rather than at a future time long after the Scribes and Pharisees had passed from the scene.

* Reynolds, L. D. and Wilson, Nigel Scribes and Scholars: A guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin Literature Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974

* Elissa Strauss, Women Who Write Torah, A New Generation of Female Scribes Makes History.

145 or 135 BC – 86 BC ) () was a Prefect of the Grand Scribes ( 太史公 taishigong ) of the Han Dynasty.

Although Sima was the Prefect of the Grand Scribes in the Han government, he refused to write Shiji as an official history covering only those of high rank.

Broadcasters Russ Hodges, Lon Simmons, and Jon Miller are permanently honored in the Hall's " Scribes & Mikemen " exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1980, 2004, and 2010 respectively.

Jesus ' warning in that " this generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled " is tied back to his similar warning to the Scribes and the Pharisees that their judgment would " come upon this generation " (), that is, during the first century rather than at a future time long after the Scribes and Pharisees had passed from the scene.

Scribes, many of whom had no formal musical training, used a form of music notation called the letteral system.

Rabbi Simon ben Pazzi ( 3rd century ) calls these readings " emendations of the Scribes " ( tikkune Soferim ; Midrash Genesis Rabbah xlix.

7 ), assuming that the Scribes actually made the changes.

Among the earliest technical terms used in connection with activities of the Scribes are the " mikra Soferim " and " ittur Soferim.

For this reason Thoth was universally worshipped by ancient Egyptian Scribes.

Scribes were also considered part of the royal court and did not have to pay tax or join the military.

Scribes in Ancient Israel, as in most of the ancient world, were distinguished professionals who could exercise functions we would associate with lawyers, government ministers, judges, or even financiers, as early as the 11th century BCE.

" Supernatural Patrons of Maya Scribes and Artists.

Scribes held prestigious positions in ancient Egyptian society in view of their importance in the transmission of religious, political and commercial information.

Later, and in medieval Europe, jetons were manufactured.

This system of ' counter casting ' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century.

While the Scandinavian branch emphasizes pantheist spirituality rooted in medieval and contemporary Scandinavian folklore, the American branch postulates a " native religion of the peoples of Northern Europe " reaching back into the paleolithic.

In medieval Europe, egg whites were used as glue to decorate parchments with gold leaf.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Due to the rich mining history dating from medieval times ( the Black Forest was one of the most important mining regions of Europe circa 1100 ) there are many mines re-opened to the public.

When they are lit, it is a way for one to call for military aid from the other, as per its historical use in medieval Europe.

The castle ruin Hammershus, on the northwestern tip of the island, is the largest medieval fortress in northern Europe, testament to the importance of its location.

Historical accounts from medieval Europe detail the use of infected animal carcasses, by Mongols, Turks and other groups, to infect enemy water supplies.

Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa.

The traditional, classical or popular ( meaning of the people ) ballad has been seen as originating with the wandering minstrels of late medieval Europe.

During the Viking Age, Birka ( Birca in medieval sources ), on the island of Björkö ( literally: " Birch Island ") in Sweden, was an important trading center which handled goods from Scandinavia as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Orient.

The concept of zero ( which was also called " cipher "), which we all now think of as natural, was alien to medieval Europe, so confusing and ambiguous to common Europeans that in arguments people would say " talk clearly and not so far fetched as a cipher ".

The latter refers to the tendency of oral societies, such as that of Europe in the medieval period, to view knowledge as the product, expression, and property of the collective.

In Europe, this system worked through the medieval period because there was virtually no new gold, silver or copper introduced through mining or conquest.

Outside Europe, the escapement mechanism had been known and used in medieval China, as the Song Dynasty horologist and engineer Su Song ( 1020 – 1101 ) incorporated it into his astronomical clock-tower of Kaifeng in 1088.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

However, a non-eternal cosmos, with both a beginning and an end, would later come to reflect the prevalent theological beliefs in medieval Europe.

A waist-length coat in medieval Europe was called a byrnie, although the exact construction of a byrnie is unclear.

In a historical or geopolitical sense the term usually refers collectively to Christian majority countries or countries in which Christianity dominates or was a territorial phenomenon .“ Christendom is originally a medieval concept steadily to have evolved since the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the gradual rise of the Papacy more in religio-temporal implication practically during and after the reign of Charlemagne ; and the concept let itself to be lulled in the minds of the staunch believers to the archetype of a holy religious space inhabited by Christians, blessed by God, the Heavenly Father, ruled by Christ through the Church and protected by the Spirit-body of Christ ; no wonder, this concept, as included the whole of Europe and then the expanding Christian territories on earth, strengthened the roots of Romance of the greatness of Christianity in the world .”

The Domesday Book was undertaken in 1086 by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered in medieval Europe.

In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope and the City of London Corporation.

Most regions in medieval Europe were ruled by clergy or feudal lords.

Norman F. Cantor's summary of the effects of late medieval deforestation applies equally well to Early Modern Europe:

The doctorate ( Latin: doceō, I teach ) appeared in medieval Europe as a license to teach ( Latin: licentia docendi ) at a medieval university.