It is thought by some that the channels in the Black Sea were formed around 6, 000 years ago when sea levels were approaching their current point.

Cross-section of the Irish Sea through Man, showing sea levels.

Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading.

Sea levels fell, exposing land bridges between Africa and Eurasia and between Eurasia and North America.

During this period the southern Red Sea ’ s levels dropped and was only 2. 5 miles or 4 km wide.

Sea levels in the Permian remained generally low, and near-shore environments were limited by the collection of almost all major landmasses into a single continent -- Pangaea.

This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity, additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea.

Environment-current issues: inadequate sanitation facilities ; increasing levels of soil salinity ; industrial pollution ; excessive pesticides ; part of the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated pollution

In 2003, ICES stated there is a high risk of stock collapse if then current exploitation levels continued, and recommended a moratorium on catching Atlantic cod in the North Sea during 2004.

Sea levels have been lower and higher than at present, resulting in significant changes to the coastline during this period.

Sea levels rise abruptly and massive inland flooding occurs due to glacier melt.

Water consumption is so high that groundwater levels in the Sanaa basin are diminishing ; because of this, government officials have proposed relocating large portions of the population of Sana ' a to the coast of the Red Sea.

Opposition came from fishermen along the Zuiderzee who would lose their livelihood, and from others in coastal areas along the more northerly Wadden Sea who feared higher water levels as a result of the closure, and others who doubted whether it was financially practical.

The main dungeon in Slash ' EM is much larger than in NetHack, introducing special levels such as the Sunless Sea, where a magic lamp lies, and the Guild of Disgruntled Adventurers, populated by " player monsters " ( archaeologists, barbarians, and the like ).

A Thames Barrier flood defence closure is triggered when a combination of high tides forecast in the North Sea and high river flows at the tidal limit at Teddington weir indicate that water levels would exceed in central London.

Bombay Beach is located on the east shore of the Salton Sea and, like many communities along its shores, has had to contend with rising and falling water levels.

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, as salinity and suspected pollution levels in the Salton Sea increased, the attraction of the Salton Sea as a recreational destination diminished.

Water levels rose and the western Tethys came to shallowly cover significant portions of Europe, forming the ( first ) Tethys Sea.

Whilst the lower reaches of the River Havel provide the most direct route to Hamburg and the North Sea ports, variable water levels in the River Elbe affect those in the lower River Havel, and together these can restrict navigation.

The current channel of the Great Belt was created by a relatively high fresh water phase of the rising Yoldia Sea breaking through to the lower Kattegat levels at about 10, 000 BP.

At the end of that time rising Kattegat levels broke into the Ancylus lake, creating the Littorina Sea.

The " Century Flood " of 1976 and the " North Frisian Flood " of 1981 brought the highest water levels measured to date on the North Sea coast, but because of sea defences such as improved warning systems and dikes built and modified after the flood of 1962, these led only to property damage.

Sea level rise may also contribute to accretion, as material is pushed up with rising sea levels.

Potemkin's Army of Ekaterinoslav, totaling, it was claimed, 40,000 regular troops and 6,000 irregulars of the Cossack Corps, had invested Islam's principal stronghold on the north shore of the Black Sea, the fortress town of Oczakov, and was preparing to test the Turk by land and sea.

They failed to reach the Anatolian coasts of the Black Sea however, as another Indo-European people, the Kaskians, had established a kingdom there in the 17th Century BC, displacing earlier Palaic speaking Indo-Europeans.

During the 1st century BC the Armenians in what had been Urartu established the powerful Armenian kingdom under Tigran who reigned throughout much of eastern Anatolia between the Caspian, Black Sea and Mediterranean.

* 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Atlantic – two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.

According to the dramatist Aeschylus, in the distant past they had lived in Scythia ( modern Crimea ), at the Palus Maeotis (" Lake Maeotis ", the Sea of Azov ), but later moved to Themiscyra on the River Thermodon ( the Terme river in northern Turkey ).

The Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun had Baltic amber among his burial goods, and amber was sent from the North Sea to the temple of Apollo at Delphi as an offering.

This description would actually have meant that the whole of the Baltic Sea had been covered with ice.

At its peak in the 16th through the 18th centuries, the Ottoman Empire had wrested control of the entire Black Sea area, which was for the time an " Ottoman lake ", on which Russian warships were prohibited.

This discovery has shed much light on the differences between the two versions ; while it was previously maintained that the Greek Septuagint ( the version used by the earliest Christians ) was only a poor translation, professor Emanuel Tov, senior editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls ' publication, wrote that the Masoretic edition either represents a substantial rewriting of the original Hebrew, or there had previously been two different versions of the text.

The site lay astride the land route from Europe to Asia and the seaway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and had in the Golden Horn an excellent and spacious harbour.

The topmost or so of the Dead Sea had a salinity that ranged between 300 and 400 parts per thousand and a temperature that swung between and.

Underneath a zone of transition, the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ).

Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, " on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... the town of Engeda " ( Natural History, Bk 5. 73 ); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that " the Dead Sea Scrolls " discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.

Beatty is reported to have remarked ( to his Flag Captain, Chatfield, later First Sea Lord in the early 1930s ), " there seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today ," after two of them had exploded within half an hour during the battle.

An early Muslim tradition is that the Negus Ashama ibn Abjar offered asylum to a group of Muslims fleeing persecution during Muhammad's life ( 615 ), but Stuart Munro-Hay believes that Axum had been abandoned as the capital by then – although Kobishchanov states that Ethiopian raiders plagued the Red Sea, preying on Arabian ports at least as late as 702.

Beekes argued that the people later known as the Lydians and Etruscans had originally lived in northwest Anatolia, with a coastline to the Sea of Marmara, whence they were driven by the Phrygians c. 1200 BC, leaving a remnant known in antiquity as the Tyrsenoi.

47-57 ), Paul had traveled around the territories bordering the Aegean Sea evangelising.

For Golb, the amount of documents is too extensive and includes many different writing styles and calligraphies ; the ruins seem to have been a fortress, used as a military base for a very long period of timeincluding the 1st centuryso they could not have been inhabited by the Essenes ; and the large graveyard excavated in 1870, just 50 metres east of the Qumran ruins was made of over 1200 tombs that included many women and childrenPliny clearly wrote that the Essenes that lived near the Dead Sea " had not one woman, had renounced all pleasure ... and no one was born in their race ".

The Armada straggled home to Spain in shattered remnants, after disastrous losses on the coast of Ireland ( after some ships had tried to struggle back to Spain via the North Sea, and then back south past the west coast of Ireland ).

From 1954 until 1959 he was the First Sea Lord, a position that had been held by his father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, some forty years earlier.

Mountbatten served his final posting at the Admiralty as First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff from April 1955 to July 1959, the position which his father had held some forty years prior.

His grandfather, also named Edward, had lost all of his assets as a result of the South Sea Bubble stock market collapse in 1720, but eventually regained much of his wealth, so that Gibbon's father was able to inherit a substantial estate.

This was the point at which the silver and gold treasure of Peru had to be landed and sent overland to the Caribbean Sea, where galleons from Spain would pick it up at the town of Nombre de Dios.