Sedevacantists are those who believe the Pope or previous Popes have fallen into heresy and therefore the Pope and those bishops in union with him have forfeited their authority.

Sedevacantists claim that they avoid much of the mainstream Catholic critique of traditionalism because their view is that, beginning with John XXIII or Paul VI, one or both of whom and all their successors they consider to be heretics, there is no valid Catholic Pope or body of bishops to whom allegiance or obedience is owed.

Sedevacantists, on the other hand, claim that the infallible Magisterium of the Catholic Church could not have decreed the changes made in the name of the Second Vatican Council, and conclude that those who issued these changes could not have been acting with the authority of the Catholic Church.

Sedevacantists are considered to be schismatics by the mainstream Roman Catholic Church.

Certain Traditionalist Catholic groups, particularly Sedevacantists, consider Lumen Gentium to be the demarcation of when the Roman Church fell into heresy, pointing to the use of " subsistit in " rather than " est " as an abdication of the Church's historic ( and to them compulsory ) identification of itself alone as God's church.

Sedevacantists believe the differences between the Roman Catholic Church before and after Vatican II are essential in nature, and enough to regard the contemporary, official Catholic Church as not truly Catholic, sometimes pointing to the Church of England as a model.

Sedevacantists believe that Paul VI ( 1963 – 1978 ), John Paul I ( 1978 ), John Paul II ( 1978 – 2005 ) and Benedict XVI ( since 2005 ) have been neither true Catholics nor true Popes, by virtue of allegedly having espoused the heresy of Modernism, or of having otherwise denied or contradicted solemnly defined Catholic dogmas.

Sedevacantists reject this Council, on the basis of its documents on ecumenism and religious liberty, which they see as contradicting the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and as denying the unique mission of Catholicism as the one true religion, outside of which there is no salvation.

Sedevacantists share the idea with Protestants that the Catholic Church, as represented by the Vatican is in a fallen state and no longer truly Christian.

Sedevacantists usually date the vacancy of the papacy from the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958, though some regard Pope John XXIII ( 1958 – 1963 ) as a true pope.

For a brief period each year, the rays of the sun are warm enough to melt some of the snows piled a mile deep at the base of the headwalls, and then the pinnacles glisten in the daytime at high noon, and billions of gallons of water begin their slow seepage under the glaciers and across the rockstrewn hanging valleys on their long, meandering journey to the sea -- running east past the sky-carving massifs of Gurla Mandhata and Kemchenjunga, then turning south and curling down through the jungles of Assam, past the Khasi Hills, and into Bengal, past Sirinjani and Madaripur, until the hard water of the melting snows mingles with the soft drainage of fields and at length fans out to meld with the teeming salt depths of the Bay of Bengal.

For the States which maintain two separate agencies -- one for the vocational rehabilitation of the blind, and one for the rehabilitation of persons other than the blind -- the Act specifies that their minimum ( base ) allotment shall be divided between the two agencies in the same proportion as it was divided in fiscal year 1954.

Burlington aviator John J. Burns suggested the parade ground southwest of Fort Ethan Allen, and soon a dozen hastily-summoned National Guard pilots were bringing their wide-winged `` Jenny '' and DeHaviland two-seaters to rest on the frozen sod of the military base.

At the base of the rocky hillside, they left their horses and climbed on foot.

Whitey Herzog, performing in right as the Orioles fielded possibly their strongest team of the spring, worked Keegan for a base on balls.

Ideally, the President would like the French to agree on a `` status quo ante '' on Bizerte, and accept a new timetable for withdrawing their forces from the Mediterranean base.

A similar proportion, when moved experimentally a distance of, found their way back to their home base.

In an appeal on the record from a decision in a judicial proceeding, both appellant and respondent are bound to base their arguments wholly on the proceedings and body of evidence as they were presented in the lower tribunal.

Simone de Beauvoir tries to base an ethics on Heidegger's and Sartre's writings ( The Ethics of Ambiguity ), where she highlights the need to grapple with ambiguity: " as long as philosophers and they have thought, most of them have tried to mask it ... And the ethics which they have proposed to their disciples has always pursued thre same goal.

* 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Atlantic – two days after the United Kingdom had declared war on Germany over the German invasion of Belgium, ten German U-boats leave their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea.

In practice, some alloys are used so predominantly with respect to their base metals that the name of the primary constituent is also used as the name of the alloy.

As a leading War Democrat and pro-Union southerner, Johnson was an ideal candidate for the Republicans in the national election of 1864, as they sought to enlarge their base to include War Democrats ; they even changed the party name to the National Union Party to reflect this expansion.

Alfred determined their strategy was to launch smaller scaled attacks from a secure and reinforced defensible base which they could retreat to should their raiders meet strong resistance.

In 2011, they also moved their spring training base from Tucson to a new stadium near the Phoenix suburb of Scottsdale.

Having effected a separation from England and its cultural icons, America was left without history -- or heroes on which to base a shared sense of their social selves.

Participants base their criticisms on a number of related ideas.

The program's goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover ; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the U. S. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base and food supply.

The program was also a part of a general policy of forced draft urbanization, which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, forcing them to flee to the U. S. dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base.

All AMPS carriers have converted most of their consumer base to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM and continue to do so at a rapid pace.

* Alltel — In 2005 disclosed that only 15 % of their total customer base are still using the existing analog network.

Despite several differences in definitions, their importance becomes apparent as different methods of analysis when applied to acid – base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character may be somewhat less apparent.

Several groups claim that the military base on Diego Garcia has been used by the US government for transport of prisoners involved in the controversial extraordinary rendition program, an allegation formally reported to the Council of Europe in June 2007.

The American satirist and mathematician Tom Lehrer has been rumored to have been the first to invent the gelatin shot in the 1950s while working for the National Security Agency, where he developed vodka gelatin as a way to circumvent a restriction of alcoholic beverages on base, but the claim that he was first is untrue.

They claim that liberal ideas of free speech are repressive, arguing that such " Marcusean logic " is the base of speech codes, which are seen by some as censorship, in US universities.

A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty.

* September 4 – The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, starting 3 weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.

Others claim that the name comes from the Roman settlement of Celtic name Vindobona ( Celtic " windo-bona "), probably meaning " white base / bottom ," which became Vindovina, Vídeň ( Czech ) and Wien.

Some sources claim its true size is around 3. 5 billion base pairs ( slightly larger than the human genome ).

The most widely quoted source for identifying tier 1 networks is Renesys Corporation, but the base information to prove the claim is publicly accessible from many locations, such as the RIPE RIS database, the Oregon Route Views servers, the Packet Clearing House, and others.

Although the stated purpose was administrative efficiency, Soong and his supporters claim that it was actually intended to destroy James Soong's power base and eliminate him from political life, though it did not have this effect.

The MFC's close association with the MCC allowed it to claim the MCG as its home ground and gave it access to a wealthy membership base, but Melbourne's reputation as an " establishment " club was not always an advantage.

Orderic went on to claim that Ranulf was " educated from boyhood with base parasites among the hangers-on of the court ".

The Catholic Church's view of such an alleged private revelation is expressed in the same section of the Catechism of the Catholic Church as follows: " Christian faith cannot accept ' revelations ' that claim to surpass or correct the Revelation of which Christ is the fulfillment, as is the case in certain non-Christian religions and also in certain recent sects which base themselves on such ' revelations '.

This claim is supported by the relatively limited number of large suicide bombings carried out in Afghanistan, combined with the intensity of this attack, and the fact that Cheney was at the base.

They also claim that the structure which some Hindus have identified as a lingam is actually the broken base of a statue of the Buddha.

Some players argue that overlooking an area for more than 30 seconds is regarded as camping, while others claim that only the defending team are allowed to stay put as that is regarded as defending and not camping ( see base camping, above ).

Brooke stated " I do not intend to be a national leader of the Negro people ", and " condemned both Stokely Carmichael and Georgia's Lester Maddox " as extremists ; nonetheless, his historic election gave Brooke " a 50-state constituency, a power base that no other Senator can claim.

Most qualitative research companies in the world will claim that they employ psychologists and base their findings on psychological theories.

Denton's music culture makes the smaller town Texas ' only other city, outside of Austin, that could claim such a title as " music town ", a reflection of city's own creative and progressive dominant cultural base.

Most qualitative research companies in the world will claim that they employ psychologists and base their findings on psychological theories.

During the 20th century its primary claim to fame was as the base of operations for Olivetti, a renowned manufacturer of typewriters, mechanical calculators and, later, computers.

Thus, ( 1 ) can be understood more intuitively as the claim that all objects that are indiscernible with respect to a base set of properties are indiscernible with respect to a supervenient set of properties, or, as it is also sometimes said, that B-twins are A-twins.

In most States, the base period is usually the first four out of the last five completed calendar quarters prior to the time that the claim is filed.

Steam-distilled plant extracts, consisting mainly of tap water introduced during the distilling process, were certified organic, and promoted as an organic base that could then be used in a claim of organic content.

English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest ( or Old Northwest as it was later called ) on these two treaties.