Sedevacantists, on the other hand, claim that the infallible Magisterium of the Catholic Church could not have decreed the changes made in the name of the Second Vatican Council, and conclude that those who issued these changes could not have been acting with the authority of the Catholic Church.

Sedevacantists base their claim to be the remnant Roman Catholic Church on what they see as the presence in them of these four " marks ", absent, they say, in the Church since the Second Vatican Council.

Sedevacantists claim that they avoid much of the mainstream Catholic critique of traditionalism because their view is that, beginning with John XXIII or Paul VI, one or both of whom and all their successors they consider to be heretics, there is no valid Catholic Pope or body of bishops to whom allegiance or obedience is owed.

Sedevacantists are considered to be schismatics by the mainstream Roman Catholic Church.

Sedevacantists believe that Paul VI ( 1963 – 1978 ), John Paul I ( 1978 ), John Paul II ( 1978 – 2005 ) and Benedict XVI ( since 2005 ) have been neither true Catholics nor true Popes, by virtue of allegedly having espoused the heresy of Modernism, or of having otherwise denied or contradicted solemnly defined Catholic dogmas.

Certain Traditionalist Catholic groups, particularly Sedevacantists, consider Lumen Gentium to be the demarcation of when the Roman Church fell into heresy, pointing to the use of " subsistit in " rather than " est " as an abdication of the Church's historic ( and to them compulsory ) identification of itself alone as God's church.

Sedevacantists believe the differences between the Roman Catholic Church before and after Vatican II are essential in nature, and enough to regard the contemporary, official Catholic Church as not truly Catholic, sometimes pointing to the Church of England as a model.

Sedevacantists share the idea with Protestants that the Catholic Church, as represented by the Vatican is in a fallen state and no longer truly Christian.

Sedevacantists usually date the vacancy of the papacy from the death of Pope Pius XII in 1958, though some regard Pope John XXIII ( 1958 – 1963 ) as a true pope.

Sedevacantists are those who believe the Pope or previous Popes have fallen into heresy and therefore the Pope and those bishops in union with him have forfeited their authority.

The Oriental Orthodox Churches ( also called Old Oriental Churches ) are those eastern churches that recognize the first three ecumenical councils — Nicaea, Constantinople and Ephesus — but reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon and instead espouse a Miaphysite christology.

* The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

Basiliscus re-instated Timothy Aelurus and Peter the Fuller to their sees, and by persuasion of the former issued ( 9 April 475 ) a circular letter ( Enkyklikon ) to the bishops calling them to accept as valid only the first three ecumenical synods, and reject the Council of Chalcedon.

She worked on a Maternity Insurance law but since the majority of the Federal Council rejected the proposal, she had to ask the people to reject her own text, as she had to respect collegiality.

The Churches that refused to accept the Council considered instead that it was they who were orthodox ; they reject the description Monophysite, preferring instead Miaphysite.

Horrified, they reject it because it was not authorized by a Council and threatens to upset the equilibrium of their world.

Certain Non-Chalcedonians, such as John Niciota, Patriarch of Alexandria, whose name he had inserted in the diptychs, at first stood aloof from him, because, though he accepted the Henotikon, he did not reject the Council of Chalcedon, and for the same reason Flavian II of Antioch and Elias of Jerusalem at first communicated with him.

They specifically reject the conclusions of church councils such as the Council of Nicea and the Nicene Creed.

The latter deny this charge, arguing that they reject both the Monophysitism of Eutyches, whom they consider a heretic, as well as Dyophysitism espoused by the Council of Chalcedon, which they equate with Nestorianism, for a doctrine they term miaphysitism, or that in Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity exist as " one divinized nature " ( physis ), as opposed to the orthodox Chalcedonian teaching of a divine nature ( physis ) and a human nature ( physis ) united in in the one person ( hypostasis ) of Jesus Christ, fully God and fully man, with neither confusion nor division, a doctrine called the " hypostatic union ".

Though she does not openly defy or reject the rulings of the Vulcan Science Council, her experiences on the Enterprise have proven to her that they can be wrong.

The term " traditionalist Catholics " often is used to apply to Catholic Christians who are particularly devoted to practicing the ancient traditions of the Church ; yet there are also groups calling themselves " traditionalist Catholics " that either reject many of the changes made since Vatican II, or regard Vatican II as an invalid Council, or who broke away entirely from the Catholic Church after Vatican II.

The Council can then either accept or reject the Commission's opinion ( The Council has only once rejected the Commission's opinion when the latter advised against opening negotiations with Greece ).

Most universities adhere to the Council of Graduate Schools ' Resolution Regarding Graduate Scholars, Fellows, Trainees, and Assistants, which gives applicants until April 15 to accept or reject offers that contain financial support.

At the two sessions of the Crown Council held on June 27, he was one of six ( out of 21 ) members to reject the Soviet ultimatum demanding Bessarabia's handover, instead calling vehemently for armed resistance.

The West's rejection of the Quinisext Council of 692 also led to pressure from the Eastern Empire to reject many Latin customs as non-Orthodox.

In common with other traditionalists, they reject many of the reforms inspired by the Second Vatican Council and seek to worship according to traditional Roman Catholic rites including the Tridentine Mass.

The Ancients were 250 members who could accept or reject laws put forward by the lower house of the Directory, the Council of Five Hundred ( Conseil des Cinq-Cents ).

Although a petition was signed by over 850 residents, the City Council voted unanimously to reject the proposal, choosing instead to give his name to a gallery within the center.

Despite this, due to the way the Legislative Council is elected, the Liberal Party still had control of the upper house, giving them significant power to reject legislation introduced by the new Labor government.

It concluded that Wedderburn's expression of concern about possible corruption in relation to the original decision by Liverpool Council had no significant effect on Minister Beamer's decision to reject the revised LEP, which could be justified on legitimate planning grounds.

The Federation Council cannot make changes in bills passed by the Duma and can either approve or reject them.

Historians more sympathetic to the government of Wilhelm II often reject the importance of this War Council as only showing the thinking and recommendations of those present, with no decisions taken.

The Minister of Arts and Culture of South Africa has the final power to approve or reject a geographical name recommended by the Geographical Names Council.

The point is that the reactionary, for whatever motive, perceives himself to have been part or a partner of something that extended beyond himself, something which, consequently, he was not able to accept or reject on the basis of subjective preference.

by the same token, we reject any Soviet attempt to impose its system on us or other peoples by force or subversion.

That after all his years of effort to become a composer, he should now, now when he was still stoutly replying to the critics of his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, be so close to a success in music and have to reject it.

This contradicts the preceding observations, and so, under the assumption of this paper, we must reject the possibility that **zg is a Af curve on a quadric surface.

Although I absolutely reject the Platonism of it, I have literally squealed with delight at the imperturbable perfection with which the position is laid down on page after page ''.

They therefore reject the state, seeing it as an aggressive entity which steals property ( through taxation and expropriation ), initiate aggression, are a compulsory monopoly on the use of force, use their coercive powers to benefit some businesses and individuals at the expense of others, create monopolies, restrict trade, and restrict personal freedoms via drug laws, compulsory education, conscription, laws on food and morality, and the like.

According to some scholars, the philosophical outlook of earliest Buddhism was primarily negative, in the sense that it focused on what doctrines to reject more than on what doctrines to accept.

Frieser, in agreement with Overy, Cooper and others that reject the existence of a blitzkrieg doctrine, argues that after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan in 1914, the German Army came to the conclusion decisive battles could not be executed on a strategic level.

20th-century anthropologists largely reject the notion that all human societies must pass through the same stages in the same order, on the grounds that such a notion does not fit the empirical facts.

Since Óscar Arias returned to office, the political debate has centered on whether to approve or reject CAFTA.

As the February 28, 2008 deadline to approve or reject CAFTA loomed, Arias decided to call for the referendum himself, and it took take place on October 7, 2007.

Most Protestants reject the doctrine of Purgatory on the basis that, according to the Protestant interpretation of Scripture, Christ has already made full atonement for our sins on the cross, thereby removing all obstacles which prevent us from coming directly into the presence of God after death.

After the Tang dynasty there emerged a line dividing Asia into two groups, those who depend on milk products ( India, Tibet, Central Asians ) and those who reject those foods.

E-mail filters: E-mail filters act on information contained in the mail body, in the mail headers such as sender and subject, and e-mail attachments to classify, accept, or reject messages.

Both religions reject atheism on one hand and polytheism on the other.

Parallel with this generational change, the articles and books on the doctrine and practice of fellowship with the main " Central " grouping now reject the notion itself of separate " fellowships " among those who recognise the same baptism as " schism ".

They also believe that the phrase Holy Spirit sometimes refers to God's character / mind, depending on the context in which the phrase appears, but reject the orthodox Christian view that we need strength, guidance and power from the Holy Spirit to live the Christian life, believing instead that the spirit a believer needs within themselves is the mind / character of God, which is developed in a believer by their reading of the Bible ( which, they believe, contains words God gave by his Spirit ) and trying to live by what it says during the events of their lives which God uses to help shape their character.

The argument clearly depends on the assumption that if " good " were definable, it would be an analytic truth about " good ," an assumption many contemporary moral realists like Richard Boyd and Peter Railton reject.

In this case the debate centers on the suitability of the individual for office, not a judgement on them when appointed, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc, so it is not accountability in the sense understood in a parliamentary system.

When the embassy returned on the agreed-upon date, he was strong enough to bluntly reject their offer.