In 1467 Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria resigned and then kept only Bavaria-Dachau as his domain until his death in 1501.

( The Council of Constance was called by the German King and later Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and only obtained papal confirmation later.

Sigismund could get possession of his kingdom only by force of arms.

Emperor Sigismund himself was an heir of Casimir III, as eldest son of his mother Elisabeth of Pomerania, who was since 1377 the only surviving child of Elisabeth of Poland, herself daughter of Casimir III from his first marriage with Aldona Gediminaite of Lithuania.

Mary's mother contemplated taking up arms, and civil war was avoided only when she agreed to absolve the nobles from their oaths to Mary and Sigismund.

Unitarian high schools exist only in Transylvania ( Romania ), including the John Sigismund Unitarian Academy in Cluj-Napoca, and the Berde Mózes Unitárius Gimnázium in Cristuru Secuiesc ( Székelykeresztúr ); both teach Rationalist Unitarianism.

By his second wife, Barbara of Celje, he left an only daughter, Elisabeth of Luxembourg, who was married to Albert V, duke of Austria ( later German king as Albert II ) whom Sigismund named as his successor.

Elisabeth of Bohemia was thus the only surviving legitimate offspring of Sigismund.

Sigismund gave a ring to the boy's mother when he was born, but one day in the forest a raven stole it from her, and the ring was only recovered after the bird was hunted down.

In 1511, King and Grand Duke Sigismund I the Old granted the Orthodox clergy an autonomy enjoyed previously only by Catholic clergy.

Many historians believe that Sigismund viewed Poland only as a tool that would allow him to eventually regain the throne of Sweden.

Diomedes Cato, a native-born Italian who lived in Kraków from about the age of five, became one of the most famous lutenists at the court of Sigismund III, and not only imported some of the musical styles from southern Europe, but blended them with native folk music.

In Nuremberg, Oswald became a member of the first rank of the Order of the Dragon-a rank King Sigismund awarded only to two dozen nobles.

As the heir Sigismund was only twelve years old at the time, a guardian had to be found until Sigismund came of age.

The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender ( 1522 ).

Sigismund commented on the Battle of Lipany that " the Bohemians could be overcome only by Bohemians.

The only son of Albert II, King of the Romans, and Elizabeth of Luxembourg, daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund.

Frederick was the only elector who voted against Ferdinand ; even the Protestant electors, John George I, Elector of Saxony, and John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg, voted for Ferdinand.

Władysław IV's father, Sigismund III Vasa, grandson of Sweden's King Gustav I, had succeeded his father to the Swedish throne in 1592, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, subsequently King Charles IX.

His father Sigismund, grandson of Gustav I of Sweden, had in 1592 succeeded his own father to the Swedish throne, only to be deposed in 1599 by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden.

King Sigismund was king of Hungary but only the titular king of Bohemia.

He continued his campaigns against the Romanists and the adherents of Sigismund, and having captured and rebuilt a small castle near Litoměřice ( Leitmeritz ) he retained possession of it, the only reward for his great services that he ever received or claimed.

Sigismund lost 12, 000 men and only escaped himself by rapid flight.

After receiving news of his election, Sigismund quickly departed from Sweden and arrived in Oliwa on 7 October ( his landing was delayed due to the hostility from the Protestant Gdańsk ).

On 10 December, a Tyrolean delegation arrived in Graz to demand the release of Sigismund and the return of the county's treasures, taken by Friedrich in 1440.

Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of Prague on June 30 at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage.

Sigismund and many German princes arrived before Prague on 30 June at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the hope of pillage.

Roughly at the same time, a letter arrived from Sigismund ’ s headquarters in Poland stating that he would not accept Charles as regent.

In 1601 Polish hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Polish chancellor Jan Zamoyski, recalled from Moldavia, arrived in Lithuania to fight the Swedish incursion, which now threatened not only the Estonia promised by Sigismund, but older Polish territories south of it.

In August, Sigismund's delegation of four knights and a bishop arrived in the court of Paris to paint a description of how " 40, 000 " Turks were despoiling and imperiling Christian lands and beg, on Sigismund of Hungary's behalf, for help.

On 6 September, the Transylvanian prince Sigismund Bathory arrived with around 7, 500 cavalry to support Michael the Brave.

Sigismund Korybut arrived to Prague on 16 May 1422, where he became a commander of local Hussites, in the Hussite internal fights and the ruler of Bohemia.

Death of Feodor prompted Sigismund to propose his candidacy for the Moscow throne, however by the time Polish diplomatic mission arrived in Moscow, Boris Godunov was elected the new tsar.

Pope Martin V, who while still Cardinal Otto of Colonna, had attacked Huss with relentless severity, energetically resumed the battle against Huss's teaching after the enactments of the Council of Constance, seeking to eradicate completely the doctrine of Huss, for which purpose the co-operation of King Wenceslaus had to be obtained ; in 1418, Sigismund succeeded in winning his brother over to the standpoint of the council by pointing out the inevitability of a religious war if the heretics in Bohemia found further protection.

This accomplished the reconciliation of Bohemia with Rome and the Western Church, and at last Sigismund obtained possession of the Bohemian crown.

* Sigismund of Hungary, Sigismund of Luxembourg ( 1368 – 1437 ), King of Hungary, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia

In 1422 Albert married Elisabeth of Luxemburg, the daughter and heiress of the King Sigismund of Hungary ( later also Holy Roman Emperor and Bohemia ), and his second wife, the Slovenian noblewoman Barbara of Celje.

In the later years of the 1470s and early 1480s Sigismund issued a decree that instituted a radical coinage reformation that eventually led up to the creation of the world's first really large and heavy silver coin in nearly a millennium, the guldengroschen, which the Habsburgs in Bohemia developed later into the thaler.

Although Wenceslaus upon his father's death retained Bohemia, his younger half-brother Sigismund inherited Brandenburg, while John received the newly-established Duchy of Görlitz in Upper Lusatia.

Sigismund of Luxemburg KG ( Hungarian: Zsigmond, Croatian: Žigmund, Czech: Zikmund ) ( 14 February 1368 – 9 December 1437 ) was King of Hungary, of Croatia from 1387, of Bohemia from 1419, and Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg.

In 1381, the then 13-year-old Sigismund was sent to Kraków by his eldest half-brother and guardian Wenceslaus, King of Germany and Bohemia, to learn Polish and to become acquainted with the land and its people.

Deprived of his authority in Hungary, Sigismund then turned his attention to securing the succession in Germany and Bohemia, and was recognized by his childless half-brother Wenceslaus IV as Vicar-General of the whole Empire.

In 1401 Sigismund helped an uprising against Wenceslaus, during the course of which the Bohemian king was taken prisoner, and Sigismund ruled Bohemia for nineteen months.

In 1419, the death of Wenceslaus IV left Sigismund titular King of Bohemia, but he had to wait for seventeen years before the Czechs would acknowledge him.

In order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515.

In 1457, Albert arranged a marriage between his eldest son John, and Margaret, daughter of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, who inherited the claims upon Hungary and Bohemia of her mother, a granddaughter of Emperor Sigismund.

He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus as King of Bohemia but the office of Holy Roman Emperor falls into abeyance until Charles's son Sigismund is crowned in 1433.

* Hussite Wars: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the Battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from Bohemia.

In return for Maximilian lending weight to the provisions of the Second Peace of Thorn ( 1466 ), Sigismund consented to the marriage of the children of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary, his brother, to the grandchildren of Maximilian.

Wenceslas IV of Bohemia signed a defensive treaty with the Poles against the Teutonic Order ; his brother, Sigismund of Luxembourg, allied himself with the Order and declared war against Poland on 12 July, though his Hungarian vassals refused his call to arms.

The diplomatic context at Constance included the revolt of the Bohemian Hussites, who looked upon Poland as an ally in their wars against Sigismund, the emperor elect and new king of Bohemia.

Between 1422 and 1428, Władysław's nephew, Sigismund Korybut, attempted a regency in war-torn Bohemia, with little success.

From left to right: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor | Maximilian I ; Maximilian's granddaughter, Mary of Austria ( 1505-1558 ) | Mary and Vladislaus's son Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia | Louis ; Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary | Vladislaus II ; Vladislaus's daughter, Anna of Bohemia and Hungary | Anna ; Vladislaus's brother, Sigismund I the Old | Sigismund I of Poland.