In 1430 King Sigismund summoned the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire to a Reichstag in the city of Nuremberg and Oswald with his brother Michael immediately left Tyrol to meet the King, who instead of going directly to Nuremberg undertook a two-month detour to the South German cities of Überlingen and Constance to celebrate Christmas.

The transcript of Höss ' testimony was later entered as evidence during the 4th Nuremberg Military Tribunal known as the Pohl Trial due to the principal defendant being SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl.

The director of the program, SS-Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl, who was stationed in Berlin, was sentenced to death for war crimes in 1947 in Nuremberg, and executed in 1951.

As production became more specialized, trade guilds were divided and subdivided, eliciting the squabbles over jurisdiction that produced the paperwork by which economic historians trace their development: there were 101 trades in Paris by 1260, and earlier in the century the metalworking guilds of Nuremberg were already divided among dozens of independent trades, in the boom economy of the 13th century.

At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities — Strasbourg, Frankfurt and Nuremberg — becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic.

These became known as the Nuremberg Laws which for Jews in Europe would soon become matters of life and death.

She spent time in Salzburg and Nuremberg, where she stayed with her aunt and grandmother and became fluent in German.

As the medical guidelines established in the Nuremberg Code were imported into the ethical guidelines for the social sciences, informed consent became a common part of the research procedure.

Around the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, the Oberth family moved to the town of Feucht, near Nuremberg, Germany, which became part of the American Zone of occupied Germany, and also the location of the high-level war-crimes trials of the surviving Nazi leaders.

While the focus initially remained on ore mining and iron production in the Ruhr region, mechanical engineering became the dominating branch of business in Augsburg and Nuremberg.

However, in what became known as the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials of the Doctors, Judges and lesser officials, the Law of the Control Council, which established these tribunals, allowed for trials of crimes against humanity committed before and unconnected with the war and jurisdiction was exercised in regard to offences not linked to the war.

At the end of the 19th century, with the building of the Saal Railway ( Saalbahn ) along the river Saale from Halle / Leipzig to Nuremberg, Jena became a centre for precision machinery, optics and glass making, with the formation of the world famous companies Carl Zeiss Jena and Schott Jenaer Glaswerk, by Carl Zeiss, Ernst Abbe and Otto Schott.

He won first prizes at very strong tournaments in St Petersburg ( 1895 – 96, Quadrangular ), Nuremberg ( 1896 ), London ( 1899 ), Paris ( 1900 ) and St Petersburg ( 1914 ), where he overcame a 1½ point deficit to finish ahead of the rising stars, Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine, who later became the next two World Champions.

Although it was quite standard to line the lower plate with ribs to prevent the bare foot from popping out of the grip of the instrument as it became sweatier, a crueler variant of this device &# 151 ; typically encountered in Nuremberg, Germany &# 151 ; lined the upper plate with hundreds of sharp spikes.

He was chief editor for the Fränkische Tagespost in Nuremberg from 1907 to 1910 and afterwards became a freelance journalist in Munich.

Originally ordained as a priest, in 1525 Franck went over to the Reformed party at Nuremberg and became preacher at Gustenfelden.

By the adoption of the Formula of Concord their cause was ruined in all the territories which accepted it, although in some others it survived under the aspect of a modified Lutheranism, as in Nuremberg, or, as in Nassau, Hesse, Anhalt, and Bremen, where it became more or less definitely identified with Calvinism.

The Labour Party won a landslide victory in the United Kingdom general election, 1945 and Sir Hartley Shawcross became Attorney General and took responsibility as Britain's chief prosecutor in the Nuremberg Trials.

Morgenthau advocated the summary execution without trial of the top 50 or 100 alleged Nazi criminals and had some success, but in the end the Nuremberg trials became the chosen option.

Later he became mayor of Regensburg and lord mayor of Nuremberg.

In 1945 to 1946, Lemkin became an advisor to Supreme Court of the United States Justice and Nuremberg Trial chief counsel Robert H. Jackson.

Bühler became a member of NSDAP on April 1, 1933, according to his own testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, and was appointed administrator of the Court of Munich.

While in Venice, Hassler became friends with Giovanni Gabrieli, with whom he composed a wedding motet for Georg Gruber, a Nuremberg merchant living in Venice, in 1600.

In 1602, Hassler returned to Nuremberg where he became the Kapellmeister, or director of town music.

Nevertheless some of this communes ( as Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Hamburg ) were able to survive in Germany for centuries and became almost independent city-states vassals to the Holy Roman Emperors ( see Free imperial city ).

Despite being found guilty in the Nuremberg Flick Trial, he quickly became one of West Germany's richest people by the 1950s and the largest shareholder of Daimler-Benz.

At the end of the 12th century, Neustadt became part of the sovereign territory of the burgraves of Nuremberg, the dynasty of the Hohenzollern.

He was a son of Burgrave Frederick V of Nuremberg and Elisabeth of Meissen, and was the first member of the House of Hohenzollern to rule the Margraviate of Brandenburg.

Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946 – 47.

Disobedience to unlawful orders is the obligation of every member of the U. S. armed forces, a principle established by the Nuremberg trials and reaffirmed in the aftermath of the My Lai Massacre.

Veit Ludwig von Seckendorf ( December 20, 1626 – December 18, 1692 ), German statesman and scholar, was a member of a German noble family, which took its name from the village of Seckendorf between Nuremberg and Langenzenn.

" New Jersey's Catholic bishops condemned the newly legalized process as violating " a central tenet of all civilized codes on human experimentation beginning with the Nuremberg Code ... approves doing deadly harm to a member of the human species solely for the sake of potential benefit to others.

" Whether Maxwell Fyfe believed such executions were the best method of dealing with the Nazis may be doubted, in view of his later work at the Nuremberg Trials ; at the time, however, as a member of the government he had little choice but to follow the lead of the Prime Minister, Churchill, who repeatedly urged that summary justice be visited upon on the Nazi leaders.

* Were enrolled as member of a Jewish congregation when the Nuremberg Laws were issued, or joined later

A Jewish businessman and leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, Lehmann ( Leo ) Katzenberger, was accused of having an affair with a young " Aryan " woman, and on 14 March 1942 was sentenced to death.

He was a leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, and from 1939 was chairman of the Nuremberg Jewish Cultural Organization.

Peter Vischer the Elder ( c. 1455 – January 7, 1529 ) was a German sculptor, the son of Hermann Vischer, and the most famous member of the noted Vischer Family of Nuremberg.

Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946 – 47.

These examples of the laws of war address declaration of war, ( the UN charter ( 1945 ) Art 2, and some other Arts in the charter, curtails the right of member states to declare war ; as does the older and toothless Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 for those nations who ratified it but used against Germany in the Nuremberg War Trials ), acceptance of surrender and the treatment of prisoners of war ; the avoidance of atrocities ; the prohibition on deliberately attacking civilians ; and the prohibition of certain inhumane weapons.

Nominated by Clement VII a member of the committee of cardinals appointed to report on the " Nuremberg Recess ", he recommended, in opposition to the majority, certain concessions to the Lutherans, notably the marriage of the clergy as in the Greek Church, and communion in both kinds according to the decision of the council of Basel.

From 1848 he had been a member of the Bavarian second chamber, at first representing the district of Erlangen-Fürth, and afterwards Nuremberg, which city also sent him after the war of 1866 as its deputy to the German customs parliament, and from 1871 to 1874 to the first German Reichstag.

Melanie Oßwald ( born 1 June 1976 in Nuremberg ) is a German politician and a former member of the Bundestag with the CSU.