Since some applications ( notably, but not exclusively, the parts of Microsoft Office ) allow macro programs to be embedded in documents, so that the programs may be run automatically when the document is opened, this provides a distinct mechanism by which viruses can be spread.

Since method combination and macros are closely related, it's also interesting to note that the first macro system was described in 1963, three years before Warren Teitelman's PhD thesis.

Since then the virus has spread from cattle to sheep in Britain.

Since the first commercial cultivation of genetically modified plants in 1996, they have been modified to be tolerant to the herbicides glufosinate and glyphosate, to be resistant to virus damage as in Ringspot virus-resistant GM papaya, grown in Hawaii, and to produce the Bt toxin, an insecticide that is documented as non-toxic to mammals.

Since these tests can cross-react with other Flaviviruses, like Dengue virus, these indirect methods can never prove yellow fever infection.

Since the first North American cases in 1999, the virus has been reported throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America.

Since 2003, blood banks in the US routinely screen for the virus among their donors.

Since the virus can always be reintroduced from other continents, the population still need to remain vaccinated to keep the western hemisphere free of rubella.

After entering the hepatocyte, the virus is uncoated and the nucleocapsid translocated to the nucleus due to a signal in HDAg Since the nucleocapsid does not contain an RNA polymerase to replicate the virus ’ genome, the virus makes use of the cellular RNA polymerases Initially just RNA pol II, now RNA polymerases I and III have also been shown to be involved in HDV replication

Since its discovery in Tanganyika, Africa, in 1952, chikungunya virus outbreaks have occurred occasionally in Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, but recent outbreaks have spread the disease over a wider range.

The use of a rat sequence also confirmed this topology and estimated date of divergence from the swine / human strains was 7. 44 × 10 < sup > 4 </ sup > years ago ( range 2. 1 × 10 < sup > 4 </ sup > to 1. 4 × 10 < sup > 5 </ sup > years ago ) Since this date is approximately coincident with the advent of agriculture it may be that this virus originally infected rats and subsequently spread to pigs and then to humans.

Since then, it has been likewise rejected by law enforcement agents investigating the virus, who attribute it to organized online crime gangs.

Since these viruses have dsRNA genomes, replication occurs exclusively in the cytoplasm and the virus encodes several proteins which are needed for replication and conversion of the dsRNA genome into (+)- RNAs.

Since hemagglutinin is the major surface protein of the influenza A virus and is essential to the entry process, it is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.

Since that time, the virus has also been detected in cats in Japan and Britain.

Since his resurrection by Selene's use of a modified techno-organic virus, Cypher's powers have evolved to the point where he can read all aspects of " language.

Since immunodeficiency causes this virus to progress to PML, immunosuppressants are contraindicative to those infected.

Since this virus has not yet been isolated from other outbreaks to date this putative association should be treated with circumspection.

Since there is no specific treatment for LAC encephalitis, physicians often do not request the tests required to specifically identify LAC virus, and the cases are reported as aseptic meningitis or viral encephalitis of unknown etiology.

Since then, it has been discovered that people living in the area, and in SW Japan yet uncovered, both have a low rate of a virus not known in other populations, HTLV-1.

Since the virus is very weak and dies within two hours in a dry environment, the incidence of transmission will drop considerably if the litterbox is kept from remaining damp between uses.

Since the rabies virus has a linear – ssRNA genome, messenger RNAs are produced to permit virus replication using the host cell machinery.

Since persons infected with KSHV will asymptomatically shed the virus, caution should be used by sex partners in having unprotected sex and activities where saliva might be shared during sexual activity.

Since the validity of all subsequent planning depends on the accuracy of the basic inventory information, great care is being taken that the inventory is as complete as possible.

Since the psychiatric interview, like any other interview, depends on communication, it is significant to note that the therapist in this interview was a man of marked skill and long experience.

Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial.

Since this depends on a choice of orientation, curl is a chiral operation.

Since the value of this energy depends on the shapes and positions of the conductors and dielectrics, the Casimir effect manifests itself as a force between such objects.

Since construction of the Aswan Dam, agriculture in the Nile valley depends on irrigation.

Since collecting depends on the interests of the individual collector, it may deal with almost any subject.

Since the potential energy depends on the spatial arrangement of the particles, the kinetic energy will also depend on the spatial configuration to conserve energy.

Since the quality of most services depends largely on the quality of the individuals providing the services, it is true that " people costs " are a high component of service costs.

Since Macau has little arable land and few natural resources, it depends on mainland China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy imports.

Since neodymium coloration depends upon " forbidden " f-f transitions deep within the atom, there is relatively little influence on the color from the chemical environment, so the color is impervious to the thermal history of the glass.

Since it depends only on the basic mechanic of betting in rounds, strip poker can be played with any form of poker ; however, it is usually based on simple variants with few betting rounds, like five card draw.

Since we've assumed that we can infallibly identify programs for computing squares, we can determine whether t, which depends on a and i, is such a program, and that for every a and i ; thus we have obtained a program that decides whether program a halts on input i. Note that our halting-decision algorithm never executes t, but only passes its description to the squaring-identification program, which by assumption always terminates ; since the construction of the description of t can also be done in a way that always terminates, the halting-decision cannot fail to halt either.

Since it only depends on two of the observations, it is most useful in representing the dispersion of small data sets.

Since the current available depends on the state of charge of the dry cell, a multimeter usually has an adjustment for the ohms scale to zero it.

Since the E1 component of nuclear EMP depends on the prompt gamma ray output, which was only 0. 1 % of yield in Starfish Prime but can be 0. 5 % of yield in pure fission weapons of low yield, a 10 kiloton bomb can easily be 5 x 8 % = 40 % as powerful as the 1. 44 megaton Starfish Prime at producing EMP.

Since the field inside a parallel plate capacitor depends linearly on the potential, the index of refraction depends linearly on the field ( for crystals where Pockels effect dominates ), and the phase depends linearly on the index of refraction, the phase modulation must depend linearly on the potential applied to the EOM.

Since this scheme depends on the difference between successive phases, it is termed differential phase-shift keying ( DPSK ).

Since temperature in principle also depends on altitude, one needs a second equation to determine the pressure as a function of height, as discussed in the next section.

Since the gyrocompass's north-seeking function depends on the rotation around the axis of the Earth that causes torque-induced gyroscopic precession, it will not orient itself correctly to true north if it is moved very fast in an east to west direction, thus negating the Earth's rotation.

Since thrust depends on both the amount of gas moved and the velocity, we can generate high thrust by accelerating a large mass of gas by a small amount, or by accelerating a small mass of gas by a large amount.

Since good tracking depends on the exact distance between the rotating drum and the fixed control / audio head reading the linear tracks, which usually varies by a couple of micrometers between machines due to manufacturing tolerances, most VCRs offer tracking adjustment, either manual or automatic, to correct such mismatches.