Since 1984 an electrically operated train service run by Iarnród Éireann has linked Dublin with its coastal suburbs.

Since the flip chip's introduction a number of alternatives to the solder bumps have been introduced, including gold balls or molded studs, electrically conductive polymer and the " plated bump " process that removes an insulating plating by chemical means.

Since the early 1960s, wiring in new construction has required a separate grounding conductor used to bond ( electrically connect ) all normally non-current carrying parts of an electrical installation.

Since the electromagnetic repulsion in compressing an electrically charged mass is dramatically greater than the gravitational attraction ( by about 40 orders of magnitude ), it is not expected that black holes with a significant electric charge will be formed in nature.

Since automobiles most heavily pollute when warming up the catalytic converter, moving this closer to the engine ( or even heating it electrically ) will enable it to quickly become effective.

Since circuitry layout is not a key factor for data density, the amount of storage is typically much larger than for electrically addressed systems.

Since the access time depends on the physical location of the data on the device, mechanically addressed systems may not be " random access " as are electrically addressed semiconductor NVRAM.

Since the FG is electrically isolated by the surrounding dielectric, any electrons placed on the FG will be trapped on the FG which screens the CG from the channel of the transistor and modifies the threshold voltage ( VT ) of the transistor.

Since then, the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory has been researching electrically charged armour, with the view of ultimately integrating it into the FRES design.

Since neutrons are electrically neutral, they penetrate matter more deeply than electrically charged particles of comparable kinetic energy ; therefore they are valuable probes of bulk properties.

Since automation of lighthouses became common in the 1960s and 1970s, most older foghorn installations have been removed to avoid the need to run the complex machinery associated with them, and have been replaced with electrically powered diaphragm or compressed air horns.

Since the fuel pressure energy is stored remotely and the injectors are electrically actuated, the injection pressure at the start and end of injection is very near the pressure in the accumulator ( rail ), thus producing a square injection rate.

Since plasmas contain equal numbers of electrons and ions, they are electrically neutral overall and thus electric fields play a lesser dynamical role.

Since the disk storage is always connected to power and data sources and is never physically electrically isolated, it is vulnerable to potential damage and corruption due to nearby building or power grid lightning strikes.

Since complex scalar fields admit two different kinds of annihilation operators, which are related by conjugation, such fields describe charged bosons.

Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other.

Since a " perfect vacuum " contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator.

Since 2008 the United States has charged at least 57 defendants for attempting to spy for China.

Since EtBr stained DNA is not visible in natural light, scientists mix DNA with negatively charged loading buffers before adding the mixture to the gel.

Since RNA is charged, metal ions such as Mg < sup > 2 +</ sup > are needed to stabilise many secondary and tertiary structures.

Since plasma has minimal mass, but is charged and therefore can be manipulated by an electric field, the result is a very linear output at frequencies far higher than the audible range.

Since California considers “ all persons concerned in the commission of a crime, whether they directly commit the act constituting the offense … principals in any crime so committed ,” San Marin County Superior Judge Peter Allen Smith charged Davis with “ aggravated kidnapping and first degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley ” and issued a warrant for her arrest.

Since, we see that the total radiated power goes as or, which accounts for why electrons lose energy to bremsstrahlung radiation much more rapidly than heavier charged particles ( e. g., muons, protons, alpha particles ).

Since the charge gradually leaked away, a periodic pulse was applied to top up those still charged ( hence the term ' dynamic ')".

Since the backbone of PNA contains no charged phosphate groups, the binding between PNA / DNA strands is stronger than between DNA / DNA strands due to the lack of electrostatic repulsion.

Since Congress enacted “ fugitive felons ” and parole / probation violation provisions in 1996, the Social Security Administration has suspended benefits and charged

Since a " perfect vacuum " contains no charged particles, vacuums normally behave as perfect insulators ( they would be the greatest insulators known ).

Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles ( protons and electrons ), their movement results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface.

Since the main reservoir pipe is kept constantly pressurized by the locomotive, the car reservoirs can be charged independently of the brake pipe, this being accomplished via a check valve to prevent backfeeding into the pipe.

Since the magnitude of the charge of all known charged, long-lived subatomic particles is the same as that of an electron, their radius of curvature must be proportional to their momentum.

Since this process occurs extremely rapidly ( at least, it occurs rapidly in the presence of dense charged matter ), it is safe to assume that the photon chemical potential is never different from zero.

Since margin interests are typically only charged on overnight balances, the trader pays no fees for the margin benefit, though still running the risk of a Margin call.

Since there had been no recent change on the ALC's doctrinal position, the LCMS was then charged by some within the Synodical Conference of changing its position on church fellowship.

Since Julius Caesar's assassination occurred outside this boundary, the senatorial conspirators could not be charged with sacrilege for carrying weapons inside the sacred city.

Since the enactment of the YCJA in 2003, a greater number of young persons charged with criminal offences have received the benefit of diversion that was the practice under the former Young Offenders Act.

" AllMusic wrote, " Since the Manics deliver these charged lyrics as heavy guitar-rockers, the music doesn't always hit quite as forcefully as intended ", stating that the " relatively polished production and big guitar sound occasionally sell the music short, especially the lesser songs ", but calling the band's passion " undeniable, even on the weaker cuts [...] Debut albums rarely come as ambitious as the Manic Street Preachers ' Generation Terrorists.

Since the implementation of the federal GST in 1990, PEI's 10 % PST has been charged on the subtotal of goods and services which included the federal GST.

Since the value of this energy depends on the shapes and positions of the conductors and dielectrics, the Casimir effect manifests itself as a force between such objects.

) Since these conductors travel the same path from source to destination, the assumption is that any interference is induced upon both conductors equally.

Since the shields are not perfect conductors, electric fields can exist inside the shield, thus allowing radiating electromagnetic fields to go through the shield.

Since nonmetal containers are poorer heat conductors, the type of container material stated in the recipe cannot be substituted without affecting the outcome.

Since the math differs from service to service, the number of conductors and sensors in the meters also vary.

Since the charge on the dielectric is not depleted in this process, the charge on the metal plate can be used for experiments, for example by touching it to metal conductors allowing the charge to drain away, and the uncharged metal plate can be placed back on the dielectric and the process repeated to get another charge.

Since its founding in 1925 the Choir of the West has had six conductors.

Since 1923, SFO has presented the U. S. debut of numerous artists, including Vladimir Atlantov, Inge Borkh, Boris Christoff, Marie Collier, Zdzisława Donat, Sir Geraint Evans, Mafalda Favero, Leyla Gencer, Tito Gobbi, Sena Jurinac, Mario del Monaco, Anna Netrebko, Birgit Nilsson, Leontyne Price, Margaret Price, Leonie Rysanek, Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, Anja Silja, Giulietta Simionato, Ebe Stignani, Renata Tebaldi and Ingvar Wixell ; conductors Gerd Albrecht, Valery Gergiev, Sir Georg Solti and Silvio Varviso ; and directors Francis Ford Coppola, Harry Kupfer and Jean-Pierre Ponnelle.

Since then Unitrans has remained a student operated organization, employing students as drivers, conductors, supervisors, driver trainers, maintenance shop assistants, bus washers and office clerks.

Since there are two live conductors in the system, it is sometimes incorrectly referred to as " two-phase ".

Since then, Serkin has performed around the world with leading orchestras and such conductors as Claudio Abbado, Daniel Barenboim, Herbert Blomstedt, Pierre Boulez, Simon Rattle, James Levine, and Christoph Eschenbach.

Since that time, the integrated circuit industry has moved from aluminium to copper conductors.

Since then, the orchestra has made over 75 recordings for Deutsche Grammophon, PentaTone Classics, Ondine, Warner Classics and other labels, and with conductors that include RNO Founder and Artistic Director Mikhail Pletnev, Vladimir Jurowski, Kent Nagano, Alexander Vedernikov, Carlo Ponti Jr., José Serebrier and Vasily Petrenko.

Since the major insulation of a live-tank current transformer is not exposed to the heat of the primary conductors, insulation life and thermal stability is improved.

Since the temperature of the conductor increases with increasing heat produced by the current through it, it is sometimes possible to increase the power handling capacity ( uprate ) by changing the conductors for a type with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion or a higher allowable operating temperature.

Since then, he has performed with famous conductors such Daniel Barenboim, Seiji Ozawa, Michael Tilson Thomas, Yuri Temirkanov, Leonard Slatkin, Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy, Pierre Monteux, and Leopold Stokowski.

Since its founding, the Choir School has provided parishes in the Toronto Diocese and beyond with organists, cantors, conductors, and professional vocalists.

Since most traction current lines possess two electric circuits, four conductors are on the pylons as a rule ( in contrast with three-phase alternating current lines, whose number of conductors are an integral multiple of three ).

Since he finished his studies with Valery Gradov, Saschko Gawriloff, and Herman Krebbers in 1983, Frank Peter Zimmermann has been performing with a considerable number of major orchestras and conductors in the world.

Since then he has appeared as soloist with many other orchestras and conductors.