Since algorithms are platform-independent ( i. e. a given algorithm can be implemented in an arbitrary programming language on an arbitrary computer running an arbitrary operating system ), there are significant drawbacks to using an empirical approach to gauge the comparative performance of a given set of algorithms.

Since the reference model given for traffic policing in the network is the GCRA, this algorithm is normally used for shaping as well, and single and dual leaky bucket implementations may be used as appropriate.

Since the desired effect is computational difficulty, in theory one would choose an algorithm and desired difficulty level, thus decide the key length accordingly.

The proof of this fact relies on an algorithm which, given the first n digits of Ω, solves Turing's halting problem for programs of length up to n. Since the halting problem is undecidable, Ω can not be computed.

Since the invention of the MIDI system in the early 1980s, for example, some people have worked on programs which map MIDI notes to an algorithm and then can either output sounds or music through the computer's sound card or write an audio file for other programs to play.

Since the remainders decrease with every step but can never be negative, a remainder r < sub > N </ sub > must eventually equal zero, at which point the algorithm stops.

Since the last remainder is zero, the algorithm ends with 21 as the greatest common divisor of 1071 and 462.

Since the inverse DFT is the same as the DFT, but with the opposite sign in the exponent and a 1 / N factor, any FFT algorithm can easily be adapted for it.

Since 1968, however, the lowest published count for power-of-two was long achieved by the split-radix FFT algorithm, which requires real multiplications and additions for.

Since NC contains NL, it is also unknown whether a space-efficient algorithm for computing the GCD exists, even for nondeterministic Turing machines.

Since the late 1990s, bzip2, a file compression utility based on a block-sorting algorithm, has gained some popularity as a gzip replacement.

Since a paper describing the algorithm had been published in August 1977, prior to the December 1977 filing date of the patent application, regulations in much of the rest of the world precluded patents elsewhere and only the US patent was granted.

Since we've assumed that we can infallibly identify programs for computing squares, we can determine whether t, which depends on a and i, is such a program, and that for every a and i ; thus we have obtained a program that decides whether program a halts on input i. Note that our halting-decision algorithm never executes t, but only passes its description to the squaring-identification program, which by assumption always terminates ; since the construction of the description of t can also be done in a way that always terminates, the halting-decision cannot fail to halt either.

Since PHP 5. 3, it implements the algorithm from Bacon's above mentioned paper.

Since IBM's implementation, several other groups have implemented Shor's algorithm using photonic qubits, emphasizing that entanglement was observed.

Since the parsing algorithm makes intelligent use of layout ( indentation ), there is rarely a need for bracketing statements and no statement terminators are required.

Since any algorithm for multiplying two n × n-matrices has to process all 2 × n < sup > 2 </ sup >- entries, there is an asymptotic lower bound of operations.

Since the eigenvalues of this matrix coincide with the roots of the polynomial, one can use any eigenvalue algorithm to find the roots of the polynomial.

Since the minimax algorithm and its variants are inherently depth-first, a strategy such as iterative deepening is usually used in conjunction with alpha-beta so that a reasonably good move can be returned even if the algorithm is interrupted before it has finished execution.

Since the finalisation of MPEG-1 Audio and MPEG-2 Audio ( in 1992 and 1994 ), the original MUSICAM algorithm is not used anymore.

Since drawing proceeds from back to front with closer objects simply overwriting farther ones, the process is known as employing the Painter's algorithm.

Since the only known way to solve that problem is to factor the modulus, it is generally regarded that the difficulty of integer factorization provides a conditional security proof for the Blum Blum Shub algorithm.

Since a D & C algorithm eventually reduces each problem or sub-problem instance to a large number of base instances, these often dominate the overall cost of the algorithm, especially when the splitting / joining overhead is low.

Since 1993, a foundation ensures the conservation as well as the highlighting of the building and the collection.

Since the name " Georges Perec " is full of " e " s, the disappearance of the letter also ensures the author's own " disappearance ".

Since it ensures that each statement is expressed from seven different conditional and relative view points or propositions, it is known as theory of conditioned predication.

Since 2001, all jurisdictions ( except Quebec ) have agreed to and signed, the Mutual Recognition Agreement among Opticianry Regulators that ensures labour mobility to all opticians across the entire nation without need for further examination.

Since 1990, the Indian rhino European Endangered Species Programme is being coordinated there as well, which ensures that the captive global Indian rhinoceros population stays genetically as healthy as possible.

Since the belt is in contact with the tape, this ensures both that the tape moves at uniform speed, and that neutral tension is maintained at all times.

Since the format also awards equal points for all questions, it ensures that the team answering the maximum questions wins, irrespective of whether the questions were direct ( asked directly to the team ) or passed ( passed on from another team due to their inability to answer correctly ).

Since in the encoding process, only the modulo remainders of perfect squares are used ( in our example with, this is only 23 of the 76 possible values ), other attacks on the process are possible.

Since in the mid-1990s the number of supporters started to decrease, Greenpeace pioneered the use of face-to-face fundraising where fundraisers actively seek new supporters at public places, subscribing them for a monthly direct debit donation.

Since the force between color charges does not decrease with distance, it is believed that quarks and gluons can never be liberated from hadrons.

Since secondary electrons can outnumber the primary electrons, in the worst case, particularly as the plate voltage dips below the screen voltage, the plate current can decrease with increasing plate voltage.

Since it makes no reference to any quantities involved in work ( such as p and V ), the Helmholtz function is completely general: its decrease is the maximum amount of work which can be done by a system, and it can increase at most by the amount of work done on a system.

Since 1987, however, backyard barrel burning has showed almost no decrease, and is now the largest source of dioxin emissions, producing about one third of the total output.

Since the pressure gradient normal to the flow within a boundary layer is approximately zero for low to moderate hypersonic Mach numbers, the increase of temperature through the boundary layer coincides with a decrease in density.

Since the peak number of 196, 528 total landlines in 2001 there has been a decrease of 43, 633 landlines as of 2009.

Since the 1980s, and much like Manhattan's Little Italy, due to a decrease in immigration from Italy and gentrification, the neighborhood has seen its native Italian American population rapidly shrink, while neighboring Chinatown has been rapidly expanding north into the neighborhood east of Broadway and along Stockton Street causing a major demographic shift to a mix of mostly Chinese and young professional population, although some, albeit very few, Italian Americans remain.

Since the 1960s, however, most municipalities of the county have experienced a decrease in population figures, particularly in the inland.

Since the solid parts of the Earth are ductile, the Earth's equatorial bulge has been decreasing in step with the decrease in the rate of rotation.

Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude, sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source.

Since beta blockers are known to relax the cardiac muscle and to constrict the smooth muscle, these beta adrenergic antagonists, including propranolol, have an additive effect with other drugs which decrease blood pressure, or which decrease cardiac contractility or conductivity.

Since 2003, the Australian Federal Government's resolve to decrease what was deemed " inappropriate immigration " by then-Prime Minister John Howard has gained momentum.

Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude, sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source.

They also claim that despite having the incarceration rate grow “ 10 times what it was prior to 1970 ”, “ it has not made this country any safer .” Since the September 11 attacks in 2001, the budget for Customs and Border Patrol ( CBP ), and U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ), have nearly doubled from 2003 to 2008, with CBP ’ s budget increasing from $ 5. 8 billion to $ 10. 1 billion and ICE from $ 3. 2 billion to $ 5 billion and even so there has been no significant decrease in immigrant population.

Since the 1990s, the borough has had a decrease in population, down from 462, 806 from 2000.

Since 2004, a stronger metropolitan government stance on counterfeit merchandise has led to a decrease of such items being available to the public.

Since they do not migrate and stay in one territory the northern populations of Carolina wrens decrease markedly after severe winters.

Since then, the Ukrainian government has implemented policies in order to decrease the use of Russian and favour Ukrianian, a process labelled ukrainization

# Since 9 is 1 less than 10, decrease it by the deficiency ( 9-1 =

) Since unused routing tracks increase the cost ( and decrease the performance ) of the part without providing any benefit, gate array manufacturers try to provide just enough tracks so that most designs that will fit in terms of gates and I / O pins can be routed.

Since then, " many cases of seizures triggered by VGs were reported, not only in photosensitive, but also in nonphotosensitive children and adolescents with epilepsy ..... Specific preventive measures concerning the physical characteristics of images included in commercially available VGs ( flash rate, choice of colors, patterns, and contrast ) can lead in the future to a clear decrease of this problem.