Since electromagnetic radiation is dipole radiation, it is not possible to build an antenna that radiates equally in all directions, although such a hypothetical isotropic antenna is used as a reference to calculate antenna gain.

Since a lossless dipole antenna has a gain of 2. 15 dBi, the relation between these units is: gain in dBd = gain in dBi-2. 15 dB.

Since the gain has been measured with respect to this reference antenna, the difference in the gain of the test antenna is often compared to that of the dipole.

Since many electrostatic speakers are tall and thin designs without an enclosure, they act as a vertical dipole line source.

Since the molecule has a bent geometry, the result is a dipole across the whole ozone molecule.

Since these are no larger than the size of the antenna itself, the combination of whip and radio often functions more as an asymmetrical dipole antenna than as a monopole.

Since the electromagnetic moments of the nucleus depend on the spin of the individual nucleons, one can look at these properties with measurements of nuclear moments, and more specifically the nuclear magnetic dipole moment.

Since any origin dipole is inherently oriented so as to be attracted to the adjacent dipoles it induces, while the other, more distant dipoles are not correlated with the original dipole by any phase relation ( thus on average contributing nothing ), there is a net attractive force in a bulk of such particles.

Since the dipole moment is constant, we can for convenience place the coordinate origin right between the two points.

Since the length of the patch, half a wavelength, is about the same as the length of a resonant dipole, we get about 2 dB of gain from the directivity relative to the vertical axis of the patch.

Since light is an oscillation it is not affected by travelling through static electric or magnetic fields in a linear medium such as a vacuum.

Since tidal forces generate currents in conducting fluids in the Earth's interior, they in turn affect the Earth's magnetic field.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals

Since the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current is negligible, although still required, to create the magnetic field.

Since electromagnetism was known to be a wave generated by a changing electric or magnetic field ( a continuous, wave-like entity itself ) an atomic / particle description of electricity and charge was a non sequitur.

Since the force imparted by a magnetic field is proportional to the charge on the particle, and the acceleration is proportional to the force divided by the mass of the particle, the magnets required to contain uranium gas would be impractically large ; most such designs have focussed on fuel cycles that do not depend upon retaining the fuel in the reactor.

Since this is an electromagnetic wave each electric field vector has a corresponding, but not illustrated, magnetic field vector that is at a right angle to the electric field vector and proportional in magnitude to it.

Since the early minicomputers used magnetic core memory, which did not lose its information when power was off, these bootstrap loaders would remain in place unless they were erased, which sometimes happened accidentally when a program bug caused a loop that overwrote all of memory.

Since the MRI signal drops off as the square of the magnetic field, a SQUID is used as the detector because of its extreme sensitivity.

Since magnetic sound-striped film is no longer available, the creators of Sleep Always experimented with widening the camera gate to expose into the sound track region to achieve this.

Since the intensity of cosmic rays is much larger outside the Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, it is expected to have a major impact on the design of spacecraft that can safely transport humans in interplanetary space.

Since opposite poles ( north and south ) attract, the Earth's " North Magnetic Pole " is thus actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field.

Since VHS-C tapes are based on the same magnetic tape as full size tapes, they can be played back in standard VHS players using a mechanical adapter, without the need of any kind of signal conversion.

Since the difference in the energy levels of the electrons is determined by the external magnetic field, there is a frequency at which this small AC field will cause the electrons to change states.

Since most of the magnetic field is confined within the outlines of the core loop, this allows a simplification of the mathematical analysis.

Since the magnetic field is proportional to the product NI, the number of turns in the windings N and the current I can be chosen to minimize heat losses, as long as their product is constant.

Since the magnet's iron core is conductive, and most of the magnetic field is concentrated there, eddy currents in the core are the major problem.

Since the lowest-order term observed in magnetic sources is the dipolar term, it dominates at large distances.

Since in this arrangement a magnetic pole can be reversed without switching the direction of current, the commutation circuit can be made very simple ( e. g., a single transistor ) for each winding.

Since current dipoles must have similar orientations to generate magnetic fields that reinforce each other, it is often the layer of pyramidal cells, which are situated perpendicular to the cortical surface, that give rise to measurable magnetic fields.

Since the magnetic signals emitted by the brain are on the order of a few femtoteslas, shielding from external magnetic signals, including the Earth's magnetic field, is necessary.

( D ) Since the shape of the drop conforms to the force field, it does not appreciably affect the distribution of forces in the fluid.

Since Alexander's work in the field came at the turn of the century, his ideas influenced many originators in the field of mind-body improvement.

Since then, there have been many refinements to increase the field of view, mass and position resolution, and data acquisition rate of the instrument.

Since 1998, home field advantage has been given to the team that has the better regular season record, unless that team happens to be the Wild Card team.

Since a leg theory attack means the batsman is more likely to hit the ball on the leg side, additional fielders on that side of the field can be effective in preventing runs and taking catches.

Since a maximal ideal in A is closed, is a Banach algebra that is a field, and it follows from the Gelfand-Mazur theorem that there is a bijection between the set of all maximal ideals of A and the set Δ ( A ) of all nonzero homomorphisms from A to C. The set Δ ( A ) is called the " structure space " or " character space " of A, and its members " characters.

Since the 1990s, internet communities have increasingly been the subject of research in the emerging field of cyber anthropology.

Since the NL East winners had had home field advantage in 1983, the NL West winners were entitled to it.

Since the direction of an electric field is defined as the direction of the force on a positive charge, electric field lines point away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge.

Since the late 19th century, differential geometry has grown into a field concerned more generally with the geometric structures on differentiable manifolds.

Since the late 1980s, the field has been revived in the wake of progress made in the related fields of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary psychology, and cognitive science.

Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero.

Since 2012, Essendon's clash guernsey has been predominantly grey, with a red sash fimbriated in black ; the grey field contains, in small print, the names of all Essendon premiership players.

Since CERT and the vendors were aware of the holes, but attempted to keep them secret even to the administrators of machines being hacked in the field, it was felt that CERT's policies were a manifestation of an impractical, " ivory tower " attitude.

Since this gas is in approximate hydrostatic equilibrium with the overall cluster gravitational field, the total mass distribution can be determined.

Since the mid-1980s, the rivalry has intensified both on and off the field and, since the inception of the Premier League in 1992, the Merseyside derby has had more players sent off than any other Premier League game.

Since the gradient coils are within the bore of the scanner, there are large forces between them and the main field coils, producing most of the noise that is heard during operation.

* Since 2006 it helped establish the Sir Arthur Clarke Award, the most prodigious award given in the United Kingdom for contribution in all field of space research and exploration.

Since neural systems are intimately related to cognitive processes and behavior, the field is closely related to cognitive and behavioral modeling.

Since the 1970s, a large number and variety of encryption, digital signature, key agreement, and other techniques have been developed in the field of public-key cryptography.

Since this is a question of non-perturbative quantum field theory, it is difficult to find a reliable answer, but some people still pursue this option.