Since life began on Earth, several major mass extinctions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate.

Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry.

Since then many other marine cultures, both subsistence and industrial, have exploited Procellariiformes, in some cases almost to extinction.

Since then, the debate about the extinction of the dinosaurs and other mass extinction events has centered on whether the extinction mechanism was the asteroid impact, widespread volcanism ( which occurred about the same time ), or some other mechanism or combination.

Since radiating out from its birthplace in Africa, Homo sapiens has been the cause of many species ’ extinction.

Since this change appears to be worldwide but its timing does not match that of any other known major event such as a mass extinction, it may represent “ possible feedback relationships between evolutionary innovation and seawater chemistry ” in which metazoans ( multi-celled organisms ) removed carbon from the water, which increased the concentration of oxygen, and the increased oxygen level made possible the evolution of new metazoans.

Since iridium enrichment is common in asteroids, but very uncommon on the Earth, they further postulated that the layer had been created by the impact of a large asteroid with the Earth and that this impact event was the likely cause of the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event.

Since a large change in fauna was required to make early stragtigraphers create a new period, most of the periods we recognise today are terminated by a major extinction event or faunal turnover.

Since the Nordic birth-rate was lower than that of other races, the Nordic race was under a long-term threat of extinction.

Since blue light is much more strongly attenuated than red light, extinction causes objects to appear redder than expected, a phenomenon referred to as interstellar reddening.

Since the extinction of the Korecki family in the 17th century, the Golitsyns have claimed dynastic seniority in the House of Gediminas.

Since the extinction of the sea mink, the American mink is the only extant member of the genus Neovison.

Since the extinction of Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario, there was no apex predator to control the mooneye and smelt populations.

Since larger land-bound herbivores were absent following the extinction of the dinosaurs, the shift in diet from insectivorous to more herbivorous trophic categories triggered the tremendous evolutionary radiation of the condylarths that we can observe throughout the Paleocene, resulting in the different groups of ungulates ( or " hoofed mammals ") that form the dominant herbivores in most Cenozoic animal communities on land, except on the island continent of Australia.

Since then the principal fear has been of localized terrorist attack, rather than a global war of extinction.

Since they commonly translate thoughts and feelings into deeds, hands naturally represent action, and since nearly half the characters in Great Expectations are of the underworld or closely allied to it, the linking of hands with crime or violence is not to be wondered at.

Since the Weimar Republic lacked the quantity of raw materials available to the United States and Great Britain, it had to rely on the proficiency of a skilled labor force and an ability to export innovative and high quality goods.

Since the beginning of Norman rule in the 12th century, the city has functioned as the capital in varying geopolitical entities: Lordship of Ireland ( 1171 – 1541 ), Kingdom of Ireland ( 1541 – 1800 ), island as part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 – 1922 ), and the Irish Republic ( 1919 – 1922 ).

Since 2003, Canada has also been working with Gabon in the Group of Friends of the Great Lakes Region, which Canada co-chairs, in support of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region.

Since 1997, all newly-found Mersenne primes have been discovered by the “ Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search ” ( GIMPS ), a distributed computing project on the Internet.

Since the privatisation of British Rail there is no longer a single approach to design on railways in Great Britain.

Since the Great Depression, the Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated local politics.

" Since Diodorus's history includes such luminaries as Alexander the Great and Hannibal, this is high praise indeed.

Since New York based Thomas would have known about the wide spread hoax and the contents of the 1876 published book were developed during or right after The Great Tom Collins hoax of 1874, the hoax event is the most plausible source of the name for the Tom Collins cocktail.

Since the time of the first Norman invaders from England, Ireland has been subject to control and regulation, firstly by England then latterly by Great Britain.

Since 1986, Doe has also maintained a busy second career as an actor, appearing in such films as Oliver Stone's Salvador, Allison Anders ' Border Radio and Sugar Town, the Jerry Lee Lewis biopic Great Balls of Fire, Miguel Arteta's The Good Girl, Craig Mazin's The Specials, Paul Thomas Anderson's Boogie Nights, and the independent feature Roadside Prophets, in which he starred with Beastie Boy Adam Horovitz.

Since the season of Great Lent is moveable, beginning on different dates from year to year, accommodation must be made for various feast days on the fixed calendar ( Menaion ) which occur during the season.

Since the prevailing winter winds tend to be colder than the water for much of the winter, the southeastern shores of the lakes are almost constantly overcast, leading to the use of the term The Great Gray Funk as a synonym for winter.

Since the Great Lakes region was the core of Iroquoian-language speakers, scholars have theorized that the Cherokee migrated South from that region.

Since 1996, he has written a Great Movies series of individual reviews of what he deems to be the most important films of all time.

Since the Great Salt Lake is a shallow lake with gently sloping shores around all edges except on the south side, small variations in the water level greatly affect the extent of the shoreline.

Since the exile of James II, the ' Jacobite Cause ' had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, in 1707 united as Great Britain.

Since 1746 these took place in the Great Hall of the Green Gate building.

Since the 1960s, there have been many sightings of big cats across Great Britain.

Since 1935, both sides of the Great Seal have appeared on the reverse of the one-dollar bill.

Since the Great Depression, Swedish national politics has largely been dominated by the Social Democratic Workers ' Party, which has held a plurality ( and sometimes a majority ) in parliament since 1917.

Traditionally it is the period of the Twelve Apostles, dating from the Great Commission until the death of John the Apostle ( about 100 AD Since it is believed that John lived so long and was the last of the twelve to die, there is some overlap between the apostolic age and the first Apostolic Fathers.

Since the 1950s a fast development of Irkutsk city began after the Great Patriotic War, modern industrious look of a city was being built up.

Since the time of Pietro della Valle, it has been beyond dispute that they represent the Persepolis captured and partly destroyed by Alexander the Great.

Since the mid-19th century, after the Meiji restoration, the country was opened up to Western commerce and influence and Japan has gone through two periods of economic development.

Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known as Paname () in the Parisian slang called argot ( File: ltspkr. png Moi j ' suis d ' Paname, i. e. " I'm from Paname ").

Since at least the mid-19th century, a group of Catholic flagellants in New Mexico called Hermanos de Luz (" Brothers of Light ") have annually conducted reenactments of Jesus Christ's crucifixion during Holy Week, in which a penitent is tied — but not nailed — to a cross.

Since around the mid-19th century, a more complex title has been used in Twelver Shi ' ism, namely Marja ' al-taqlid.

Since the mid-19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid.

Since the mid-19th century, however, tourism has been the principal business.

Since the mid-19th century, the area has been home to various penal institutions.

Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no a priori bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament ( currently, the United Bible Society, 4th ed.

Since the mid-19th century, an equestrian statue of Godfrey of Bouillon has stood in the center of the Royal Square in Brussels, Belgium.

His principal works also include Ireland Since the Famine, the standard university textbook for Irish history from the mid-19th to late-20th century, and a biography of Charles Stewart Parnell.

Since the mid-19th century, corporate personhood has become increasingly controversial, as courts have extended other rights to the corporation beyond those necessary to ensure their liability for debts.

Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which there is no a priori bias to a single manuscript, has been the dominant method of editing the Greek text of the New Testament ( currently, the United Bible Society, 4th ed.

Since the mid-19th century, the term she-male has been applied to " almost anyone who appears to have bridged gender lines ", including effeminate men and lesbians.

Since the mid-19th century, pysanky have been created more for decorative reasons than for the purposes of magic, as the belief in such practices has fallen by the wayside in a more modern, scientific era.

Since the mid-19th century at least it has become a restricted-range endemic species.

Since the mid-19th century, " featherbedding " has been most commonly used in the labor relations field.

Since the mid-19th century, living accommodation has been constantly improved to meet residents ' needs.

Since its last eruptive activity in the mid-19th century, Mount St. Helens had been largely dormant.

Since the mid-19th century, Brockworth has been known locally for the annual rolling of Double Gloucester cheese down Cooper's Hill.

Since 1975, the only production of the opera in the US has been the October 2006 stagings of the French version by the Baltimore Opera, in a mid-19th century re-translation back into Italian, with one aria interpolated from one of the predecessor " Maometto II " versions and one from Rossini's Ciro in Babilonia which featured Elizabeth Futral as Pamira and Viveca Geneaux as Neocle.

Since the mid-19th century the use of commercially produced pigments in portable tubes has facilitated rapid and on-the-spot painting.

Since many of the buildings date back to the mid-19th century, Sacramento is home to the largest concentration of buildings dating back to the California Gold Rush era in the United States.

( Since the mid-19th century, Australia was dubbed the New Gold Mountain after the Gold Mountain of California in North America.

Since the mid-19th century, due to the influence of the Prussian Army, they have become a guide for many military organizations to focus the thinking of military commanders and political leaders toward concepts and methods of successful prosecution of wars and smaller military operations.