Since the U. S. Supreme Court ruling in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., lay judges have become " gatekeepers " of scientific testimony.

Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan.

Since ω = − dΦ / dt and k = + dΦ / dx, the wave velocity is v = dx / dt = ω / k.

Since the particle speed < math > v < c </ math > for any particle that has mass ( according to special relativity ), the phase velocity of matter waves always exceeds c, i. e.

Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium ( v < sub > 2 </ sub > < v < sub > 1 </ sub >), the angle of refraction θ < sub > 2 </ sub > is less than the angle of incidence θ < sub > 1 </ sub >; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

Since Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 344 P. 2d 25 ( Cal. App.

Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ), the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to " one man, one vote ".

Since the velocity is lower in the second medium ( v < sub > 2 </ sub > < v < sub > 1 </ sub >), the angle of refraction θ < sub > 2 </ sub > is less than the angle of incidence θ < sub > 1 </ sub >; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

Since at least Dartmouth College v. Woodward ( 1819 ), the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized corporations as having the same rights as natural persons to contract and to enforce contracts.

Since the Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission in 2010, upholding the rights of corporations to make political expenditures under the First Amendment, there have been several calls for a US Constitutional amendment to abolish Corporate Personhood.

Since 2003, Bahrain has been granted over $ 100 million in Foreign Military Funding to pay for various high profile weapons systems, to include an AN / TPS-59 ( v ) 3B Early Warning Radar, Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures ( LAIRCM ), Air-to-Air Missile Avoidance System for the King's Plane ( Boeing 747-400 ), as well as an Avenger Air Defense Vehicle.

Since Romer stood in obvious tension with the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick,, it laid the groundwork for 2003's Lawrence v. Texas,, which overturned Bowers.

Since the derivative of ln x is 1 / x, we make ( ln x ) part of u ; since the antiderivative of 1 / x < sup > 2 </ sup > is − 1 / x, we make ( 1 / x < sup > 2 </ sup >) part of v. The formula now yields:

Since then, several models for understanding the concept of group cohesion have been developed, including Albert Carron ’ s hierarchical model and several bi-dimensional models ( vertical v. horizontal cohesion, task v. social cohesion, belongingness and morale, and personal v. social attraction ).

Since the plurality overruled some portions of Roe v. Wade despite its emphasis on stare decisis, Chief Justice Rehnquist in dissent argued that this section was entirely obiter dicta.

Since Griswold, the Supreme Court has cited the right to privacy in several rulings, most notably in Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 ( 1973 ), where the Court ruled that a woman's choice to have an abortion was protected as a private decision between her and her doctor.

Since the Court's decision in Roth v. United States, 354 U. S. 476 ( 1957 ), the Court had struggled to define what constituted constitutionally unprotected obscene material.

Since CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, various courts have applied the principles of trespass to chattel to resolve cases involving unsolicited bulk e-mail and unauthorized server usage.

Since v is non-zero, this means that the matrix I − A is singular ( non-invertible ), which in turn means that its determinant is 0.

Since n grows faster than log < sub > 2 </ sub >( n ), there must exist a value n < sub > 0 </ sub > such that

This subextension is called a separable closure of K. Since a separable extension of a separable extension is again separable, there are no finite separable extensions of K < sup > sep </ sup >, of degree > 1.

Since the 1990s, SO < sub > 2 </ sub > emissions have dropped 40 %, and according to the Pacific Research Institute, acid rain levels have dropped 65 % since 1976.

Since B < sub > n </ sub >= 0 for all odd n > 1, and many formulas only involve even-index Bernoulli numbers, some authors write B < sub > n </ sub > instead of B < sub > 2n </ sub >.

Since the mass numbers of these are 12, 13 and 14 respectively, the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, often abbreviated to < sup > 12 </ sup > C, < sup > 13 </ sup > C, and < sup > 14 </ sup > C.

Since the map d restricts to 0 on I < sub > x </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > ( the reader should verify this ), d descends to a map from I < sub > x </ sub > / I < sub > x </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > to the dual of the tangent space, ( T < sub > x </ sub > M )< sup >*</ sup >.

Since at this stress the slope of the material's stress-strain curve, E < sub > t </ sub > ( called the tangent modulus ), is smaller than that below the proportional limit, the critical load at inelastic buckling is reduced.

Since we are assuming circular motion, let r ( t ) = R · u < sub > r </ sub >, where R is a constant ( the radius of the circle ) and u < sub > r </ sub > is the unit vector pointing from the origin to the point mass.

Since < tt > ns1 </ tt > is contained in < tt > example. org </ tt >, this requires resolving < tt > example. org </ tt > first, which presents a circular dependency.

Since every equivalence relation over X corresponds to a partition of X, and vice versa, the number of possible equivalence relations on X equals the number of distinct partitions of X, which is the nth Bell number B < sub > n </ sub >:

Since all probabilities p < sub > i </ sub > add up to one: p < sub > 1 </ sub > + p < sub > 2 </ sub > + ... + p < sub > k </ sub > = 1, the expected value can be viewed as the weighted average, with p < sub > i </ sub >’ s being the weights:

Since 1983 ,< ref >

During a 1935 – 1942 colonization attempt, the island was most likely on Hawaii time, which was then 10. 5 hours behind UTC .< ref > Since it is uninhabited the island's time zone is unspecified, but it lies within a nautical time zone 12 hours behind UTC.

Since the 2002 civil war in Côte d ' Ivoire, relations between it and Burkina Faso have been filled with accusations of Burkinabé support for rebels on one side and claims of mistreatment of Burkinabé workers on the other .< ref > Blaise Campaoré :<< La crise ivoirienne inquiète le Burkina >>, Le Figaro, December 11, 2005 </ ref > Côte d ' Ivoire remains Burkina Faso's largest regional trading partner in spite of their disputes and tens of thousands of Burkinabés continue to work in the Ivory Coast.

Since TPF can run as a second level guest under IBM's z / VM, a user can employ the VM trace facility to closely follow the execution of code.

However, C language programming is much easier to obtain skilled people in, so most if not all new development is done in C. Since z / TPF allows assembler programs to be repackaged into 1 logical file, critical legacy applications can be maintained and actually improve efficiency-the cost of entering one of these programs will now come at the initial enter when the entire program is fetched into core and logical flow through the program is accomplished via simple branch instructions, instead of a dozen or so IBM instructions previously needed to perform what is known as ' core resident enter / back '.

Since z / VSE 3. 1, Fibre Channel access to storage devices is supported, although only on IBM's Enterprise Storage Server ( ESS ) and its successors.

Since it is nonnegative it has at most one real root in z, whence its discriminant is less than or equal to zero, that is,

Since this force varies with the position of the charge and by Coloumb's Law it is defined at all points in space, is a continuous function of the charge's position ( x, y, z ).

Since this * z changed to * r in the Scandinavian languages and in West Germanic ( German, Dutch, English, Frisian ), Verner's Law resulted in alternation of * s and * r in some inflectional paradigms, known as grammatischer Wechsel.

Since an nth degree polynomial equation can only have n distinct roots, this implies that the powers of a primitive root z, z < sup > 2 </ sup >, ... z < sup > n − 1 </ sup >, z < sup > n </ sup >

Since all z / OS installations usually have both TSO and TSO / E functions installed, it is normal to refer to both TSO and TSO / E as " TSO ".

Since all its poles lie on the negative real axis, from z

Since, for a free-electron model, the contribution to the current density is directly proportional to the area in energy space ( with the Sommerfeld supply density z < sub > S </ sub > as the constant of proportionality ), it is useful to think of the ECD as drawn from electron states in an area of size d < sub > F </ sub >< sup > 2 </ sup > ( measured in eV < sup > 2 </ sup >) in the energy-space diagram.

Since root locus is a graphical angle technique, root locus rules work the same in the z and s planes.

Since the factor ( z − a )< sup > n </ sup > does not depend on the variable of integration w, it can be pulled out:

Since z < sup > 1 / 2 </ sup > = e < sup > 1 / 2 Log ( z )</ sup >, on the contour outside the branch cut, we have gained 2π in argument along γ ( by Euler's Identity, represents the unit vector, which therefore has as its log.

Since the motion is planar, and p and L are perpendicular, p < sub > z </ sub >

Since rays in space can be parameterized by three coordinates, x, y, and z and two angles and, as shown at left, it is a five-dimensional function.

Since z < sub > 0 </ sub > is a local maximum for this function also, it follows from the maximum principle that | f ( z )| is constant.

Since λ has modulus 1, multiplying any split-complex number z by λ preserves the modulus of z and represents a hyperbolic rotation ( also called a Lorentz boost or a squeeze mapping ).

Since g ( z < sub > N </ sub >) ≠ 0, it follows that g ' ( z )/ g ( z ) has no singularities at z < sub > N </ sub >, and thus is analytic at z < sub > N </ sub >, which implies that the residue of f ′( z )/ f ( z ) at z < sub > N </ sub > is k.