Since the U. S. Supreme Court ruling in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., lay judges have become " gatekeepers " of scientific testimony.

Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan.

Since ω = − dΦ / dt and k = + dΦ / dx, the wave velocity is v = dx / dt = ω / k.

Since the particle speed < math > v < c </ math > for any particle that has mass ( according to special relativity ), the phase velocity of matter waves always exceeds c, i. e.

Since the phase velocity is lower in the second medium ( v < sub > 2 </ sub > < v < sub > 1 </ sub >), the angle of refraction θ < sub > 2 </ sub > is less than the angle of incidence θ < sub > 1 </ sub >; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

Since Petermann v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 344 P. 2d 25 ( Cal. App.

Since Wesberry v. Sanders ( 1964 ) and Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ), the Supreme Court has interpreted the Equal Protection Clause as requiring the states to apportion their congressional districts and state legislative seats according to " one man, one vote ".

Since the velocity is lower in the second medium ( v < sub > 2 </ sub > < v < sub > 1 </ sub >), the angle of refraction θ < sub > 2 </ sub > is less than the angle of incidence θ < sub > 1 </ sub >; that is, the ray in the higher-index medium is closer to the normal.

Since at least Dartmouth College v. Woodward ( 1819 ), the U. S. Supreme Court has recognized corporations as having the same rights as natural persons to contract and to enforce contracts.

Since the Supreme Court's ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission in 2010, upholding the rights of corporations to make political expenditures under the First Amendment, there have been several calls for a US Constitutional amendment to abolish Corporate Personhood.

Since 2003, Bahrain has been granted over $ 100 million in Foreign Military Funding to pay for various high profile weapons systems, to include an AN / TPS-59 ( v ) 3B Early Warning Radar, Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures ( LAIRCM ), Air-to-Air Missile Avoidance System for the King's Plane ( Boeing 747-400 ), as well as an Avenger Air Defense Vehicle.

Since Romer stood in obvious tension with the Court's earlier decision in Bowers v. Hardwick,, it laid the groundwork for 2003's Lawrence v. Texas,, which overturned Bowers.

Since the derivative of ln x is 1 / x, we make ( ln x ) part of u ; since the antiderivative of 1 / x < sup > 2 </ sup > is − 1 / x, we make ( 1 / x < sup > 2 </ sup >) part of v. The formula now yields:

Since then, several models for understanding the concept of group cohesion have been developed, including Albert Carron ’ s hierarchical model and several bi-dimensional models ( vertical v. horizontal cohesion, task v. social cohesion, belongingness and morale, and personal v. social attraction ).

Since the plurality overruled some portions of Roe v. Wade despite its emphasis on stare decisis, Chief Justice Rehnquist in dissent argued that this section was entirely obiter dicta.

Since Griswold, the Supreme Court has cited the right to privacy in several rulings, most notably in Roe v. Wade, 410 U. S. 113 ( 1973 ), where the Court ruled that a woman's choice to have an abortion was protected as a private decision between her and her doctor.

Since the Court's decision in Roth v. United States, 354 U. S. 476 ( 1957 ), the Court had struggled to define what constituted constitutionally unprotected obscene material.

Since CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, various courts have applied the principles of trespass to chattel to resolve cases involving unsolicited bulk e-mail and unauthorized server usage.

Since the Supreme Court's decision of that year this is more doubtful ; ;

( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity, it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order, something permanent and unchanging.

Since it is not far from Viareggio, he will visit Puccini's house, as he never fails to do, to pay his respects to the memory of the composer of La Boheme, which he considers one of Puccini's masterpieces.

Since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts, I added to my opening statement a sentence in which I claimed that German youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger, and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry.

Since the air is a continuum, the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points ( the people ) in the net.

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the difficulty of drawing the net is great, we will merely discuss it.

Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class, reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class.

Since civilizational change is the most difficult to perceive and analyze, it seldom is given adequate attention.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since more is known about Quiney than about any other acquaintance of Shakespeare in Stratford, his career may be followed to its sudden end in 1602.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

Since Laos is of no more purely military value to Moscow itself than it is to Washington, this approach might be expected to head off Mr. Khrushchev for the moment.

Since little is known about autism, and almost nothing has been written for the layman, we'd like to share one experienced mother's comments.

Since the work is done by hand, the only limitation, it is said, `` is that of human conception ''.

Since the apparatus is new, it requires experimentation and changes in technique.

Since the obvious is not always true, the Republican National Committee wisely analyzed its defeat of last autumn and finds that it occurred, as suspected, in the larger cities.

Since he has just shown who is top dog, he may not be ready to receive this highest honor in the gift of the Soviet people.

Since appeals to morality, to humanity, and to sanity have had such small effect, perhaps our last recourse is the deterrent example.

Since the goal of our international planners is a World Government, this Atlantic Community would mark a giant step in that direction for, once American economic autonomy is absorbed, a larger grouping is a question of time.

Since the degree of a non-zero polynomial is the largest degree of any one term, this polynomial has degree two.

Since practical rectifiers have non-zero voltage drop, accuracy and sensitivity is poor at low values.

Since the fundamental theorem of arithmetic applied to a non-zero integer n that is neither 1 nor − 1 also asserts uniqueness of the representation for p < sub > i </ sub > prime and e < sub > i </ sub > positive, a primary decomposition of ( n ) is essentially unique.

Since only finitely many coefficients a < sub > i </ sub > and b < sub > j </ sub > are non-zero, all sums in effect have only finitely many terms, and hence represent Laurent polynomials.

Since neither x nor y can equal zero ( if k is non-zero ), the graph will never cross either axis.

Since the residue classes ( mod p ) are a field, every non-zero a has a unique multiplicative inverse, a < sup >− 1 </ sup >.

Since the Lorentz group has no non-trivial unitary representation of finite dimension, it naively seems that one cannot construct a state with finite, non-zero spin and positive, Lorentz-invariant norm.

Since only finitely many coefficients a < sub > i </ sub > and b < sub > j </ sub > are non-zero, all sums in effect have only finitely many terms, and hence represent polynomials from K.

Since there are an infinite number of modes this implies infinite heat capacity ( infinite energy at any non-zero temperature ), as well as an unphysical spectrum of emitted radiation that grows without bound with increasing frequency, a problem known as the ultraviolet catastrophe.

Since each memory location within the zero page of a 16-bit address bus computer may be addressed by a single byte, it was faster, in 8-bit data bus machines, to access such a location rather than a non-zero page location.

Since the Walsh – Hadamard code is a linear code, the distance is equal to the minimum Hamming weight among all of its non-zero codewords.

Since no ideal sources of either variety exist ( all real-world examples have finite and non-zero source impedance ), any current source can be considered as a voltage source with the same source impedance and vice versa.

Let X be a finite subset of U, minimal with respect to the property that it generates U. Since U is non-zero, this set X is nonempty.

Since condensates are scalar, it seems like a good first approximation that the vacuum contains some non-zero but homogeneous field which gives rise to these condensates.

Since the one-dimensional representations of B correspond to the representations of the diagonal matrices, with non-zero complex entries z and z < sup >− 1 </ sup >, and thus have the form

Since the left-hand side of the Lorentz reciprocity theorem vanishes for integration over all space with any non-zero losses, it must also vanish in the limit as the losses go to zero.

Since a point cannot support rotation or angular momentum in classical physics ( general relativity being a classical theory ), the minimal shape of the singularity that can support these properties is instead a ring with zero thickness but non-zero radius, and this is referred to as a ring singularity or Kerr singularity.