The PDS, Stalinism and the Global Economy Berghahn Books, New York and Oxford.

Milovan Đilas argues that a New Class arose under Stalinism, a theory also put forward by various liberal theorists.

The New York Times dubbed Stalinism " red fascism ".

When Trilling's collection appeared in 1977, a sympathetic critic in the New York Times preferred the " simple confession of error " Hellman made in Scoundrel Time for her " acquiescence in Stalinism " to Trilling's excuses for her own behavior during the McCarthy period.

Cinematic influences included Italian neorealism and the French New Wave, although the Czechoslovak New Wave also builds organically on developments in Czechoslovak cinema in the late 1950s when directors broke free from the influence of Stalinism in the film industry.

After the collapse of Communism in Albania, the Communist Party of New Zealand gradually changed its views, renouncing its former support of Stalinism, Maoism, and Hoxhaism.

* American Stalinism and anti-Stalinism New York, Pioneer Publishers 1947 alternate link

* Medvedev, Roy: Let History Judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism, New York, Vintage Books 1973, c1971, ISBN 0-394-71928-X

) From Stalinism to Pluralism: a Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945, New York and Oxford University Press, 1991.

In New York, she moved in " fellow-traveling " Communist circles early in the 1930s, but by the latter half of the decade she repudiated Soviet-style Communism, expressing solidarity with Leon Trotsky after the Moscow Trials, and vigorously countering playwrights and authors she considered to be sympathetic to Stalinism.

He saw the New Deal as another example of the corporatism and concentration of political power which had given rise to Nazism and Stalinism.

* Let History Judge: The Origin and Consequences of Stalinism, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1972 ISBN 0-394-44645-3

Stalin initiated his own process of building a communist society, creating a variant of communism known as Stalinism and as a part of this he abandoned some of the capitalist, free market policies that had been allowed to continue under Lenin, such as the New Economic Policy.

* Soviet Fates and Lost Alternatives: From Stalinism to the New Cold War ISBN 978-0-231-14896-2 Published 2009 by Columbia University Press

New Myth, New World: From Nietzsche to Stalinism.

* Redefining Stalinism ( Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions ), edited by Harold Shukman.

Sometimes, although rarely, the compound terms " Marxism – Leninism – Stalinism " ( used by the Brazilian MR-8 ), or teachings of Marx / Engels / Lenin / Stalin, are used to show the alleged heritage and succession.

For example, Peter Hain classifies democratic socialism, along with libertarian socialism, as a form of anti-authoritarian " socialism from below " ( using the term popularised by Hal Draper ), in contrast to Stalinism and social democracy, variants of authoritarian state socialism.

Nonetheless, since the mid-1950s, despite the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) having disowned Stalinism, the political culture of Stalinism — an omnipotent General Secretary, anti-Trotskyism, a five-year planned economy ( post-New Economic Policy ), and repudiation of the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact secret protocols — remained the character of Soviet society until the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader of the CPSU in 1985.

In an interview granted in 2002 to the well-known Mexican writer and ( the then ) editor-in-chief of the monthly Letras Libres, Ricardo Cayuela Gally ( b. 1969 ), Kapuściński opined that the war on terror, owing to the asymmetrical character of the combatants engaged in it, could only be wonand indeed easily, within a monththrough a ( re ) introduction of " Stalinism ", a method undesirable for the sole reason that it would leave the world under the permanent " hegemony " of the United States, a circumstance that would spell the end of " the free society ".

Ultimately, with Joseph Stalin's backing, and probably due in part to the anti-Semitic policies of late Stalinism ( Pauker was Jewish ), Gheorghiu-Dej and the " Prison Communists " won out.

Karelians live, and did even more so before Stalinism and the Great Purges, also in vast areas east of Finland ( in Eastern Karelia, not marked on the map to the right ), where folklore, language and architecture during the 19th century was in the center of the Finns ' interest ( see Karelianism ), representing a " purer " Finnish culture than that of Southern and Western Finland, which had been for thousands of years in more contact with ( or " contaminated by ") Germanic and Scandinavian culture, of which the Kalevala and Finnish Art Nouveau are expressions.

Yezhov was known as a devout Bolshevik and loyalist of Joseph Stalin, and in 1935 he wrote a paper on Stalinism in which he argued that since political unorthodoxy was impossible in a perfect Communist state ( such as the USSR ), any form of political opposition to Stalinist policies was actually evidence of conspiracy by " disloyal elements " to overthrow the Soviet state, thus requiring violence and state terrorism to " root out " these " enemies of the People "; this became in part the ideological basis of the purges.

Indeed, a " left wing " which agreed with Trotsky and supported world revolution could be found in almost every section of the Communist International ( Comintern ), just as representatives of Stalinism and the idea of " Socialism in One Country " could also be found.

While refusing to allow dissemination of Soviet literature exposing Stalinism ( writers such as Ilya Ehrenburg and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ), Romanian leaders took active part in the campaign against Boris Pasternak.

Pătrăşcanu again served as the PCdR's representative to the Comintern in 1933, and 1934 ( remaining in Moscow until 1935 ), during which time he is thought to have developed doubts about Stalinism itself.

Indeed, it published some extraordinary encomiums to the wonders of Stalinism, among them Dudley Collard's Soviet Justice and the Trial of Radek and Others ( a defence of the show trials ), Pat Sloan's Soviet Democracy ( a propagandist tract extolling Stalin's 1936 constitution ), a reprint of Sidney and Beatrice Webb's Soviet Communism: a new civilisation, J. R. Campbell's Soviet Policy and its Critics ( notable for its virulent assault on Trotsky ) and Hewlett Johnson's The Socialist Sixth of the World.

* According to historian Roy Medvedev the term describes rehabilitation of Joseph Stalin, identification with him and the associated political system ( Stalinism ), nostalgia for the Stalinist period in Russia's history, restoration of Stalinist policies, and a return to the administrative terror of the Stalinist period while avoiding some of the worst excesses.

East Germany's culture was strongly influenced by communism and particularly Stalinism and was described by East German psychoanalyst Hans-Joachim Maaz in 1990 as having produced a " Congested Feeling " among East Germans as a result of the East German state's goal to protect people from dangers of deviant cultural influence and dangers of popular expression deviating from the state's ideals through enforcing official ideals through physical and psychological repression of these tendencies via its institutions, particularly the Stasi.

Many labor unions and workers ' parties worldwide were also influenced by Marxist ideas, while various theoretical variants, such as Leninism, Stalinism, Trotskyism, and Maoism, were developed from them.

In post – Revolutionary Russia, Stalinism ( Socialism in one country ) and Trotskyism ( Permanent world revolution ) were the principal philosophies of Communism that claimed legitimate ideological descent from Leninism ' thus, within the Communist Party, each ideological faction denied the political legitimacy of the opposing faction.

Khrushchev opposed Stalinism and initiated de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, ending the personality cult of Stalin, purging Stalinists from the Communist Party, and increased the level of freedom of expression permitted in the country.

Bukharin himself speaks of his " peculiar duality of mind " in his last plea, which led to " semi-paralysis of the will " and Hegelian " unhappy consciousness ", which likely stemmed not only from his knowledge of the ruinous reality of Stalinism ( although he could not of course say so in the trial ) but also of the impending threat of fascism.

Stalinism is the ideology that Joseph Stalin conceived and implemented in the Soviet Union, and is generally considered a branch of Marxist – Leninist ideology but considered by some historians to be a significant deviation from this philosophy.

Stalinism is an interpretation of the ideas of Marx and Lenin, and a certain political regime claiming to apply those ideas in ways fitting the changing needs of society, as with the transition from " socialism at a snail's pace " in the mid-1920s to the rapid industrialization of the Five-Year Plans.

Indeed, some have described council communism as " socialism from below ," which they counterpose against what they see as the " socialism from above " that was endorsed by Stalinism.

Peter Hain defines democratic socialism as a form of anti-authoritarian " socialism from below ", in contrast to Stalinism and Social democracy, which are variants of authoritarian state socialism.

More nuanced versions of this general view are to be found in the works of other Western historians, such as Robert Service, who notes that " institutionally and ideologically, Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin ... but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable.

In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism in order to undermine the Totalitarian view that the negative facets of Stalin ( terror, etc.

Rooted firmly in the Marxist tradition, the Situationist International criticized Trotskyists, Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism and Maoism from a position they believed to be further left and more properly Marxist.

His politics differed sharply from those of Stalinism, most prominently in opposing Socialism in One Country, which he argued was a break with proletarian internationalism, and in his belief in what he argued was a more authentic dictatorship of the proletariat based on working-class self-emancipation and mass democracy, rather than the unaccountable bureaucracy he saw as having developed after Lenin's death.

The ILO therefore concluded that opposing Stalinism from within the Communist organizations controlled by Stalin's supporters had become impossible, so new organizations had to be formed.

Some left communists, such as Paul Mattick claim that the October Revolution was totalitarian from the start and therefore, Trotskyism has no real differences from Stalinism either in practice or theory.

Historically, the Fourth International was established in France in 1938: Trotsky and his supporters, having been expelled from the Soviet Union, considered the Comintern or Third International to have become " lost to " Stalinism and incapable of leading the international working class to political power.

Moltmann's “ theology of the cross ” was later developed into " Liberation Theologies " from suffering people under Stalinism in Eastern Europe and military dictatorships in South America and South Korea.

Although they drew from Marxism, they were outspoken opponents of Stalinism.

The Soviet occupation of Bukovina in June 1940 deprived Celan of any lingering illusions about Stalinism and Soviet Communism stemming from his earlier socialist engagements ; the Soviets quickly imposed bureaucratic reforms on the university where he was studying Romance philology and deportations to Siberia started.

As the new order became established, and Stalinism took hold from 1924 on, the state began limiting the freedom of artists.

A more current term for Left Shachtmanism is Third-Camp Trotskyism, the Third Camp being differentiated from capitalism and Stalinism.