Strogatz, Nonlinear dynamics and Chaos: Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering.

It also links to mathematical chaos and complex dynamics through the work of Duncan Watts and Steven Strogatz, as well as fractal geometry through Albert-László Barabási and his work on scale-free networks.

In 1998, Duncan J. Watts and Steven Strogatz from Cornell University published the first network model on the small-world phenomenon.

A certain category of small-world networks were identified as a class of random graphs by Duncan Watts and Steven Strogatz in 1998.

Duncan J. Watts and Steven Strogatz introduced the measure in 1998 to determine whether a graph is a small-world network.

In 1998, Duncan J. Watts and Steven Strogatz published the first small-world network model, which through a single parameter smoothly interpolates between a random graph to a lattice.

* Steven Strogatz – applied mathematician ( complex networks )

Watts and Strogatz measured that in fact many real-world networks have a small average shortest path length, but also a clustering coefficient significantly higher than expected by random chance.

Evidence suggests that in most real-world networks, and in particular social networks, nodes tend to create tightly knit groups characterised by a relatively high density of ties ( Holland and Leinhardt, 1971 ; Watts and Strogatz, 1998 ).

In real-world networks, this likelihood tends to be greater than the average probability of a tie randomly established between two nodes ( Holland and Leinhardt, 1971 ; Watts and Strogatz, 1998 ).

Though much research was not done for a number of years, in 1998 Duncan Watts and Steven Strogatz published a breakthrough paper in the journal Nature.

* S. H. Strogatz, Exploring Complex Networks, Nature Vol 410 ( 2001 ) 268-276

The six degrees research is based on his 1998 paper with Steven Strogatz in which the two presented a mathematical theory of the small world phenomenon.

Collective ( i. e., delocalized ) vibrations of the atoms known as phonons that travel through the solid as a wave, contribute strongly.

A resurgence of dream pop in the independent music scene occurred in 2008, with the relatively successful indie acts of Silversun Pickups, Beach House, Au Revoir Simone, Tame Impala, Deerhunter, Animal Collective, Panda Bear, Bat for Lashes, The Radio Dept., High Places, Lykke Li, Chairlift, Anomie Belle, Grimes, School of Seven Bells, Foxes in Fiction, Rem's Floating Chandelier The xx, Ellie Goulding, Letting Up Despite Great Faults, Marissa Nadler, Holly Miranda, iamamiwhoami, Wild Beasts, and An Horse.

" In Louis E. Genevie, ed., Collective Behavior and Social Movements.

* The Collective, Inc., an American video game company

The list includes the Marine Conservation Biology Institute and Blue Frontier Campaign in the U. S., The U. K .' s Frontier ( the Society for Environmental Exploration ) and Marine Conservation Society, Australian Marine Conservation Society, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ( ICES ), Langkawi Declaration, Oceana, PROFISH, and the Sea Around Us Project, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, World Forum of Fish Harvesters and Fish Workers, Frozen at Sea Fillets Association and CEDO.

In December 2007, Visionaire released an issue named Visionaire 53: Sound which comprises five 12 " records featuring contributions from over 100 artists including David Byrne, U2, Michael Stipe, Courtney Love, Laurie Anderson, Cat Power, Adrock, Lee Ranaldo, Antony & the Johnsons, Thurston Moore & Kim Gordon, Malcolm McLaren, Ryuichi Sakamoto, David Sylvian, Andrew W. K., Danger Mouse, Yoko Ono, Cerith Wyn Evans, Helmut Lang, Christian Marclay, Doug Aitken, Robert Wilson, Gary Hill, Sylvie Fleury, Vito Acconci, Mariko Mori, Carl Michael Von Hausswolff, The Knife, Littl ' ans, UNKLE, Animal Collective, SunnO ))), Gang Gang Dance, DJ Spooky, Miss Kittin, Trevor Jackson, Towa Tei, Nigo, Hiroshi Fujiwara, as well as fashion designers Karl Lagerfeld, Alexander McQueen, and Stefano Pilati, and many others.

" The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View ," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol.

2010 Eastnor Castle: Massive Attack, M. I. A., Lily Allen, Thom Yorke, Roots Manuva, Gregory Isaacs, Explosions In The Sky, Plan B, Tinie Tempah, Bebel Gilberto, Kelis, Roy Ayers, Mike Patton's Mondo Cane, Kruder & Dorfmeister, Layo & Bushwacka !, Magnetic Man, Mr. Scruff, Craig Charles, Mystery Jets, Steve Mason, Chris Coco, Benji B, Liars, Caribou, Mount Kimbie, The Leisure Society, Rye Rye, Riva Starr, Bonobo ( musician ), Villagers, Henrik Schwarz, Andy Weatherall, Hospital Records, Little Dragon, The Bug, Mad Professor, Joker, Appleblim, Theo Parrish, Greg Wilson, DJ Derek, Tom Middleton, Futureboogie, Alice Russell, The Heavy, Andreya Triana, Funki Porcini, Lol Hammond, Willkommen Collective, Dry The River, Beth Jeans Houghton, Sparky, Alejandro Toledo and the Magic Tombolinos.

**** " The Collective " ( with Steve McNiven and Mike Deodato, Jr., in # 16-20, 2006 )

* Herbert Blumer, " Collective Behavior ," in A. M. Lee, ed., Principles of Sociology, New York, Barnes & Noble, 1951, pp. 67-121.

* Neil J. Smelser, Theory of Collective Behavior, Free Press, Glencoe, Ill., 1963.

* Ralph H. Turner and Lewis M. Killian, Collective Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 2d ed., 1972 ; 3d.

Furthermore, while the SEATO organization was disestablished in the late 1970s, SEACDT, the Collective Defense Treaty, still formally binds the U. S., France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and the Philippines.

* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt., " Individual Liberty and Collective Interest ," PROUT Globe, http :// www. proutglobe. org / prout / foundations / 2011 / 05 / individual-liberty-and-collective-interest /

**" Destinul colectiv, servitutea involuntară, nefericirea totalitară: trei mituri ale comunismului românesc " interbelică la communism " (" Collective Destiny, Involuntary Servitude, Totalitarian Misery: Three Myths of Romanian Communism "), in Lucian Boia, ed., Miturile comunismului românesc (" The Myths of Romanian Communism "), Editura Nemira, Bucharest, 1998, p. 175-197

* Miramontes, O., R. Solé y BC Goodwin ( 1993 ), Collective Behaviour of Random-Activated Mobile Cellular Automata.

Collective memory can be shared, passed on and constructed by groups both small ( e. g., a board of directors ) and large ( e. g., American culture ).

The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, 2nd ed., trans.

Alpha Flight ( Sasquatch, Major Mapleleaf II, Puck Jr., Guardian, Vindicator, Shaman, and Puck ) is brutally attacked by The Collective, resulting in the deaths of Guardian, Vindicator, Shaman, and Puck.

Collective punishment is also practiced in situation of war, economic sanctions, etc., presupposing the existence of collective guilt.

Concurrently, the role of the mass movement ( i. e., above ground Prairie Fire Collective ) would include support for, and encouragement of, armed action.

Since 1999, the Nortec Collective musicians have toured throughout the United States, Mexico, Europe, Japan and Latin America, and played New York's Central Park SummerStage and Irving Plaza, as well as the Winter Music Conference in Miami, the Kennedy Center in Washington, D. C., and shows at the Royal Festival Hall in London and Elysée Montmartre in Paris.

This requires an understanding of the community connections between plants ( i. e., primary producers ) and the decomposers ( e. g., fungi and bacteria ), or the analysis of predator-prey dynamics affecting amphibian biomass.

This understanding of the dynamics of the stress field can be linked to important events in the regional geologic past ; a common goal is to understand the structural evolution of a particular area with respect to regionally widespread patterns of rock deformation ( e. g., mountain building, rifting ) due to plate tectonics.

In some problems, it is hard or even impossible to define the fitness expression ; in these cases, a simulation may be used to determine the fitness function value of a phenotype ( e. g., computational fluid dynamics is used to determine the air resistance of a vehicle whose shape is encoded as the phenotype ), or even interactive genetic algorithms are used.

* García-Santos, G., Marzol, M. V., and Aschan, G. ( 2004 ) Water dynamics in a laurel montane cloud forest in the Garajonay National Park ( Canary Islands, Spain ), Hydrol.

He also proposed classification according to whether or not they had dynamic tonal variability, a characteristic that separates whole eras ( e. g., the baroque from the classical ) as in the transition from the terraced dynamics of the harpsichord to the crescendo of the piano, grading by degree of absolute loudness, timbral spectra, tunability, and degree of resonance.

Although common, this romanticized view of leadership ( i. e., the tendency to overestimate the degree of control leaders have over their groups and their groups ’ outcomes ) ignores the existence of many other factors that influence group dynamics.

In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media ( e. g., the atmosphere and the ocean ) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.

Stefan Klein, in his book The Science of Happiness, links the dynamics of neurobiological systems ( i. e., dopaminergic, opiate ) to the concepts and findings of positive psychology and social psychology.

Quaternions have found their way into applications in computer graphics, computer vision, robotics, navigation, molecular dynamics, flight dynamics., and orbital mechanics of satellites.

Much of classic ecological theory ( e. g., natural selection, niche separation, metapopulation dynamics ) has focused on negative interactions such as predation and competition, but positive interactions ( facilitation ) are receiving increasing focus in ecological research.

Finale's tools are organized into multiple hierarchically organized palettes, and the corresponding tool must be selected to add or edit any particular class of score element, ( e. g., the Smart Shape tool to generate and edit trill lines and dynamics " hairpins " ( so-named because the symbols resemble women's hairpins ); the Staff tool to add and edit the parameters of individual staves ).

The theory of dissipative structures of Prigogine and Hermann Haken's Synergetics were developed to unify the understanding of these phenomena, which include lasers, turbulence and convective instabilities ( e. g., Bénard cells ) in fluid dynamics,

In evolutionary optimization, one tries to solve real-world problems ( e. g., engineering or logistics problems ) by imitating the dynamics of biological evolution.

Coupled with the stochastic nature of disturbance events and other long-term ( e. g., climatic ) changes, such dynamics make it doubtful whether the ' climax ' concept ever applies or is particularly useful in considering actual vegetation.

Successional dynamics beginning with colonization of an area that has not been previously occupied by an ecological community, such as newly exposed rock or sand surfaces, lava flows, newly exposed glacial tills, etc., are referred to as primary succession.

The total system is a dynamical system that models an agent in an environment, whereas the agent system is a dynamical system that models an agent's intrinsic dynamics ( i. e., the agent's dynamics in the absence of an environment ).

Branching processes can also be used to model other systems with similar dynamics, e. g., the spread of surnames in genealogy or the propagation of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.

Block tridiagonal matrices are often encountered in numerical solutions of engineering problems ( e. g., computational fluid dynamics ).

" In the context of climate change, the term " forcing " is restricted to changes in the radiation balance of the surface-troposphere system imposed by external factors, with no changes in stratospheric dynamics, no surface and tropospheric feedbacks in operation ( i. e., no secondary effects induced because of changes in tropospheric motions or its thermodynamic state ), and no dynamically induced changes in the amount and distribution of atmospheric water ( vapour, liquid, and solid forms ).

The dynamics of any quantum system are described by a quantum Hamiltonian, H. There is one quantum number of the system corresponding to the energy, i. e., the eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian.

Stateflow is generally used to specify the discrete controller in the model of a hybrid system where the continuous dynamics ( i. e., the behavior of the plant and environment ) are specified using Simulink.