Studies of bacteria frozen in Antarctic glaciers have shown that DNA has a half-life of 1. 1 million years under such conditions, suggesting that while life may have potentially moved around within the Solar System it is unlikely that it could have arrived from an interstellar source.

Studies of human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs ) commonly describe the nonfunctional p53-p21 axis of the G1 / S checkpoint pathway with subsequent relevance for cell cycle regulation and the DNA damage response ( DDR ).

Studies of retroviruses led to the first demonstrated synthesis of DNA from RNA templates, a fundamental mode for transferring genetic material that occurs in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Studies at the DNA and rRNA level support the subdivision of the species into groups I-IV.

Studies based on DNA sequences also indicate that the family Schoepfiaceae should be resurrected ( as has been done in the updated APG III-publication ) to accommodate Schoepfia ( formerly in Olacaceae ), Arjona and Quinchamalium ( both previously in Santalaceae ).

Studies using DNA have been inconclusive, in part due to crossing domestic horses into the Przewalski's horse as well as the limited genetic variation present in the founder population of the Przewalski's horse.

Studies of microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA in White-tailed Eagles from North-central Europe have shown that the recovering European population has retained appreciable amounts of genetic diversity, implying low risk of inbreeding depression ( a serious concern in species with low population density ).

Studies of paternity using DNA fingerprinting have shown that, unlike many other monogamous birds, infidelity ( extra-pair matings ) is very rare.

Studies of the third generation are important because DES might be associated with epigenetic changes, which involve changes to the way genes behave ( not involving the DNA itself ) that may be heritable from one generation to another.

A study published in 2010 and conducted by Boian S. Alexandrov and colleagues at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico created mathematical models predicting how terahertz radiation would interact with double-stranded DNA, showing that, even though involved forces seem to be tiny, nonlinear resonances ( although much less likely to form than less-powerful common resonances ) could allow terahertz waves to " unzip double-stranded DNA, creating bubbles in the double strand that could significantly interfere with processes such as gene expression and DNA replication ".

* Scientists from the Center for Research and Advanced Studies ( CINVESTAV ) will attempt to extract DNA from bones discovered at the Universidad del Claustro, Mexico City in 1978.

All were impressed by the new DNA model, especially Brenner who subsequently worked with Crick ; Orgel himself also worked with Crick at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

Studies have shown that the evolutionary fate of minisatellites tends towards an equilibrium distribution in the size of alleles, until mutations in the flanking DNA affect the recombinational activity of a minisatellite by suppressing DNA instability.

Studies on the effects of the length of the primer strand reveal that an equilibrium mixture of four hybridization conformations was observed when template bases looped-out as a bulge, i. e. a structure flanked on both sides by duplex DNA.

Studies indicate that methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.

Studies of mitochondrial DNA have shown that the maternal lineage of Shompens is closest to that of Indonesians.

Studies of morphology and DNA sequences place them variously close to and far off from the Kagu of New Caledonia, as well as the trumpeters ; however, on first discovery of fossils, they were mistaken for ratites, specifically small moa.

The College supports alliances that form bridges to the outside community such as through its association with the Center for the Advancement of Mathematics and Science Education ( CAMSE ), the Center for American Indian Studies ( CAIS ), the Center for Conservation of Biological Resources, Black Hills Herbarium, and the Western South Dakota DNA Core Facility ( WestCore ).

Studies examining the role of pro-and anti-apoptotic factors support this model ; for example, the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 has been shown to interact with IP3Rs to reduce Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > filling of the ER, leading to reduced efflux at the MAM and preventing collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential post-apoptotic stimuli.

Studies based on mitochondrial sequence divergence and models of paleoclimatic changes during the glacial cycles suggest that canutus is the most basal population, separating about 20, 000 years ago ( 95 % confidence interval: 60, 000 – 4, 000 years ago ) with two distinct lineages of the American and Siberian breeders emerging about 12, 000 years ago ( with a 95 % confidence interval: 45, 000 – 3, 500 years ago ).

Studies of membership trends, even in some areas where population is expanding, show that numbers of churches have had little net increase, though many new members were received.

Studies have found that generosity increases linearly from sad to happy affective states.

Studies have also been careful to note that feeling over-taxed by the needs of others has conversely negative effects on health and happiness.

Studies examining falls in this population show that 74-93 % of patients have fallen at least once in the past year and up to 60 % admit to fear of falling.

Studies with crickets have shown that a fear of spiders can develop before birth.

Studies of phytoplankton stocks in the southern sea have shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is dominated by diatoms, while the Weddell Sea has abundant coccolithophorids and silicoflagellates.

Studies using mice have shown a similar treatment results in a permanent cure for about a third of the test subjects.

Studies have shown that numerous biological systems, such as Xenopus oocyte maturation, mammalian calcium signal transduction, and polarity in budding yeast, incorporate temporal ( slow and fast ) positive feedback loops, or more than one feedback loop that occurs at different times.

Studies have attempted to estimate a monetary loss for industries affected by piracy by predicting what portion of pirated works would have been formally purchased if they had not been freely available.

Studies have also found significant levels of toxins in fish and the waters they inhabit within the basin.

Starting in the 1980s, an expanding community of neuroscientists and psychologists have associated themselves with a field called Consciousness Studies, giving rise to a stream of experimental work published in books, journals such as Consciousness and Cognition, and methodological work published in journals such as the Journal of Consciousness Studies, along with regular conferences organized by groups such as the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness.

Studies of the neuroscience of free will have also shown that the experiences that people report when they behave purposefully sometimes do not correspond to their actual behaviors or to the patterns of electrical activity recorded from their brains.

Studies conducted by the APPA show substantial evidence that young adults who feel a sense of belonging in a community, particularly small communities, develop fewer psychiatric and depressive disorders than those who do not have the feeling of love and belonging.

Studies have shown that the amount of glycerol in cervical fluid increases during sexual excitement.

Studies have found 50-85 % of conditioned athletes have benign sinus bradycardia, as compared to 23 % of the general population studied.

Studies have demonstrated that, due to the high incidence of accidents at these sites, some such segregated schemes can actually increase the number of car-bike collisions.

Studies in the brine shrimp have examined how water affects cell functions ; these saw that a 20 % reduction in the amount of water in a cell inhibits metabolism, with metabolism decreasing progressively as the cell dries out and all metabolic activity halting when the water level reaches 70 % below normal.

Studies on raccoons in the Southeast have yielded infection rates ranging from 47 % to as low as 15. 5 %.

Studies have been conducted to isolate the genes involved in the substance's production, so that it could be obtained recombinantly.

Studies showed that dentists graduated from different countries, or even from different dental schools in one country, may have different clinical decisions for the same clinical condition.

Studies have shown that, in many environments, the rate of erosion and runoff decreases exponentially with increased vegetation cover.

Studies have also shown that the PFC is extremely involved with autonoetic consciousness ( See Tulving's theory ).