The ancient Assyrians also used the Sumerian language in their literature and liturgy, although to a more limited extent in the Middle-and Neo-Assyrian periods, when Akkadian became the main literary language.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

He and his successor Shulgi were both deified during their reigns, and after his death he continued as a hero-figure: one of the surviving works of Sumerian literature describes the death of Ur-Nammu and his journey to the underworld.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e. g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.

Drawing on the traditions of Sumerian literature, the Babylonians compiled a substantial textual tradition of mythological narrative, legal texts, scientific works, letters and other literary forms.

A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.

* Sumerian literature

* Sumerian literature

* Sumerian literature

# REDIRECT Sumerian literature

A " classical " period usually corresponds to a flowering of literature following an " archaic " period, such as Classical Latin succeeding Old Latin, Classical Sumerian succeeding Archaic Sumerian, Classical Sanskrit succeeding Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Persian succeeding Old Persian.

The land of Subartu ( Akkadian Šubartum / Subartum / ina Šú-ba-ri, Assyrian mât Šubarri ) or Subar ( Sumerian Su-bir < sub > 4 </ sub >/ Subar / Šubur ) is mentioned in Bronze Age literature.

Rather, this period witnessed a revival of Sumerian language and literature even while the Ur III kings emphasized their ties to the Akkad Dynasty as well.

As the Semitic Akkadian language became the common spoken language, Sumerian continued to dominate literature and also administrative documents.

Government officials learned to write at special schools that used only Sumerian literature.

Jukka Ammondt is a Finnish literature professor who has recorded popular music, including songs of Elvis Presley, in Latin and Sumerian.

Lugalbanda is a character found in Sumerian mythology and literature.

* Sumerian literature

Category: Sumerian literature

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BCE ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century CE.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary, and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century CE.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Sumer was conquered by the Semitic-speaking kings of the Akkadian Empire around 2270 BC ( short chronology ), but Sumerian continued as a sacred language.

Native Sumerian rule re-emerged for about a century in the Third Dynasty of Ur ( Sumerian Renaissance ) of the 21st to 20th centuries BC, but Akkadian also continued in use.

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as a spoken language somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC ( the exact dating being a matter of debate ), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

The temple of Inanna continued functioning during this time in a new form and under a new name, ' The House of Inanna in Uruk ' ( Sumerian: e < sub > 2 </ sub >-< sup > d </ sup > inanna < sup > unu </ sup > ki-ga ).

They continued to worship the Sumerian gods, and the older Sumerian myths and epic tales were piously copied, translated, or adapted, generally with only minor alterations.

It has also been suggested that the parallelism between the names of the Sumerian goddess, Inanna, and her West Semitic counterpart, Ishtar, continued in Canaanite tradition as Anath and Astarte, particularly in the poetry of Ugarit.

* Mesopotamia is in the Uruk period, with emerging Sumerian hegemony and development of " proto-cuneiform " writing ; base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, potter's wheel and wheel ; the Chalcolithic proceeds into the Early Bronze Age.

Her name, and the development of her cults, may have been influenced by cult to the deified Sumerian queen Kubaba.

He was also regarded as the son of Ea ( Sumerian Enki ) and Damkina and the heir of Anu, but whatever special traits Marduk may have had were overshadowed by the political development through which the Euphrates valley passed and which led to people of the time imbuing him with traits belonging to gods who in an earlier period were recognized as the heads of the pantheon.

The Sumerian king Ur-Nammu ( 2112 – 2095 BC ) cleared the Gutians from Mesopotamia during his reign.

Successively ruled by the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was

Akkadian, came to be the dominant language during the Akkadian Empire and the Assyrian empires, but Sumerian was retained for administration, religious, literary, and scientific purposes.

For example, during the earliest Sumerian period, the " en ", or high priest of male gods was originally a woman, that of female goddesses, a man.

Unique types of maces known as " Gada " were used extensively in ancient Indian warfare, and the enchanted talking mace Sharur made its first appearance in Sumerian / Akkadian mythology during the epic of Ninurta.

This, along with the particularly intensive official and literary use of the language in Akkadian-speaking states during the same time, is the basis for the distinction between a Late Sumerian period and all subsequent time.

The temple was built on a low terrace of rammed earth meant to represent the sacred mound of primordial land which emerged from the water called dukug, ' pure mound ' ( Sumerian: du < sub > 6 </ sub >- ku < sub > 3 </ sub > Cuneiform :) during creation.

One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, which first appears in Akkadian during the Old Babylonian period as a circa 1, 000 line epic known by its incipit, šūtur eli šarrī, ‘‘ Surpassing all other kings ,’’ which incorporated some of the stories from the five earlier Sumerian Gilgamesh tales.

The earliest version of the flood myth is preserved fragmentarily in the Eridu Genesis, written in Sumerian cuneiform and dating to the 17th century BC, during the 1st Dynasty of Babylon when the language of writing and administration was still Sumerian.

In Mesopotamian mythology, Lamashtu ( Akkadian < sup > d </ sup > La-maš-tu ; Sumerian Dimme < sup > d </ sup > Dim < sub > 3 </ sub >- me ) was a female demon, monster, malevolent goddess or demigoddess who menaced women during childbirth and, if possible, kidnapped children while they were breastfeeding.

Puabi ( Akkadian: " Word of my father "), also called Shubad due to a misinterpretation by Sir Charles Leonard Woolley, was an important person in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First Dynasty of Ur ( ca.

The Sumerian king Shulgi also boasts of his prowess in sport in Self-praise of Shulgi A, B and C. Fishing hooks not unlike those made today have been found during excavations at Ur, showing evidence of angling in Sumer at around 2600 BC.

Although " lamassu " had a different iconography and portrayal in Sumerian culture, the terms lamassu, alad, and shedu were used to denote the Assyrian-winged-man-bull symbol and statues during the Neo-Assyrian empire.

According to Sumerian text Inanna's descent to the netherworld, there was a temple of Inanna named E-shar at Adab during the reign of Dumuzid of Uruk.

The first written reference to Goa appear in Cuneiform during Sumerian times when the King Gudea of Lagash called Goa Gubio.

or Melukhkha is the Sumerian name of a prominent trading partner of Sumer during the Middle Bronze Age.

They go further and state that our knowledge of the dawn of astrology and its relationship to ancient myths and star names is limited to about 2100 BC during the Renaissance of Sumerian Culture instead of being able to examine the real old material on the subject.

Some scholars believe that the Uruk epic of Gilgamesh was written down during this period into its classic Sumerian form.

Finally, the names for the Near Eastern domesticates imported into Egypt were not Sumerian or Proto-Semitic loan words, which further diminishes the likelihood of a mass immigrant colonization of lower Egypt during the transition to agriculture.