For information on irreducible complexity as used in Systems Theory, see Irreducible complexity ( Emergence ).

He extended his work on biological complexity into a general theory of systems in a book titled General Systems Theory.

Systems with varying degrees of complexity can be built without great concern of the designer for the internal workings of the gates, provided the limitations of each integrated circuit are considered.

Systems engineering uses a host of tools that include modeling and simulation, requirements analysis and scheduling to manage complexity.

* Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems -- Institute with research focusing on complexity and social dynamics.

* Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan -- Center with research focusing on complexity and social dynamics.

 He made another major contribution to the field in his 1979 paper, joint with his student Robert A. Reckhow, " The Relative Efficiency of Propositional Proof Systems ", in which they formalized the notions of p-simulation and efficient propositional proof system, which started an area now called propositional proof complexity.

One of a variety of journals using this approach to complexity is Complex Systems.

Research at the New England Complex Systems Institute has found warning signs of crashes using new statistical analysis tools of complexity theory.

Systems that attempt to understand the contents of a document such as a news release beyond simple keyword matching and to judge its suitability for a user are broader and require significant complexity, but they are still somewhat shallow.

In certain computer science domains, such as Operating Systems or Embedded Systems, the abstractions have slightly different appearances ( for instance, OSes tend to have more standardized interfaces ), but the concept of abstraction and encapsulation of complexity are common, and deep.

Systems for delivering this vary in complexity ( and cost ), starting with a basic pocket mask adjunct which can be used by a basically trained first aider to manually deliver artificial respiration with supplemental oxygen delivered through a port in the mask.

The design complexity of Autonomic Systems and self-management systems can be simplified by utilizing design patterns such as the Model View Controller ( MVC ) to improve concern separation by helping encapsulate functional concerns.

The design complexity of Autonomic Systems can be simplified by utilizing design patterns such as the model-view-controller ( MVC ) pattern to improve concern separation by encapsulating functional concerns.

Systems visualization provides a viewer of systems visualization the ability to quickly understand the complexity of a system.

Systems utilizing pneumatics to drive the engine valves would in all probability not be feasible because of their complexity and the very large amount of energy required to compress the air.

Due to the complexity of the FRES programme, a " System of Systems " Integrator ( SOSI ) was appointed to assist the MoD in selection of the vehicles and cross-vehicle electronic architecture.

* Michael Ben-Or, Dexter Kozen, and John Reif, The complexity of elementary algebra and geometry, Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences 32 ( 1986 ), no.

* Quick reference single-page description of the ' world ' of complexity and related ideas hosted by the Center for the Study of Complex Systems at the University of Michigan.

Systems of any significant complexity are developed by organizations of people, such as a commercial company or a government agency.

* J. Lazzaro, S. Ryckebusch, M. A. Mahowald and C. A. Mead, Winner-take-all networks of O ( N ) complexity, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 1, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 1989.

Systems to prevent this ( like ' mid-ground ' scheduling of new work ) add complexity and reduce performance.

Rodrigo Magalhaes, A context-based dynamic capability perspective of IS / IT organisational fit, International Journal of Information Systems and Change Management, v. 1 n. 4, p. 396-420, January 2006

Systems designers usually provide failover capability in servers, systems or networks requiring continuous availability and a high degree of reliability.

The Instrumentation, Control and Intelligent Systems ( ICIS ) Distinctive Signature is building fundamental technological capabilities through a cross-cutting community of researchers, which support mission-related research and development in key capability areas: safeguards and control system security, sensor technologies, intelligent automation, human systems integration, and robotics and intelligent systems.

In the tactical environment the Army deploys an independent Tactical Message Systems ( TMS ) that is also built on an AMHS platform for secure messaging capability in austere environments when communications with OCONUS AMHS sites are unavailable.

They provide expanded capability over the General Contact Unit, the main vessel that Contact utilizes, and straddle the gap between General Contact Units and Systems Vehicles.

* ABMS Border Management Systems – delivering a full stay management capability, screening all travellers before travel, and managing visitors throughout their stay.

CERDEC ’ s Systems Engineering capabilities leverage technologies, systems, modeling and simulation, testing, human resources and facilities to transition a stated capability into an operationally effective and suitable system which meets the needs of CERDEC customers.

SAM-1C upgraded missile use a phased array active radar seeker, with the capability of receiving mid-course guidance updates from the Fire Control Systems vehicle.

They joined the Internet Systems Business Unit to enhance Cisco's internal ASIC capability in Ethernet switching platforms.

Systems that do not need the duplex capability use instead simplex communication in which one device transmits and the others just " listen ".

As defined in CJCSI 6211. 02C, Defense Information Systems Network ( DISN ) Policy and Responsibilities, 09 July 2008, end-to-end is defined as the fusion of requisite components to deliver a defined capability.

MALD-J will provide stand-in jamming capability for the Airborne Electronic Attack Systems of Systems.

Systems which detect submarines over wide areas are attractive, although they can be only `` burglar alarms ''.

Well-funded groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a " regenerative fuel cell ", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.

The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service can insert or remove leap seconds from the last day of any month ( June and December are preferred ).

For example, in Adobe Systems Flash, the animator can specify, in keyframes, the starting and ending position of an object, such as a circle.

Systems can then choose the " best " representation they are capable of processing ; in general, this will be the last part that the system can understand, although other factors may affect this.

* Systems based on automatically learning the rules can be made more accurate simply by supplying more input data.

In the UK, the British Computer Society licenses software engineers and members of the society can also become Chartered Engineers ( CEng ), while in some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, Ontario, and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer ( P. Eng ) designation and / or the Information Systems Professional ( I. S. P.

During development at the University of Plymouth, in conjunction with BAE Systems and Sumitomo Precision Products, the iBot was nicknamed Fred Upstairs ( after Fred Astaire ) because it can climb stairs: hence the name Ginger, after Astaire's regular film partner, Ginger Rogers, for a successor product.

Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of elucidating principles that can be applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research.

" The now forgotten significance of Paley can be judged from the title of Birks 1874 work Modern Utilitarianism or the Systems of Paley, Bentham and Mill Examined and Compared.

* Dust: miniaturized devices can be without visual output displays, e. g., Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems ( MEMS ), ranging from nanometres through micrometers to millimetres.

Systems can have one page table for the whole system, separate page tables for each application and segment, a tree of page tables for large segments or some combination of these.

Systems can consist of 5 receivers, 4 receivers, 3 receivers, and in some cases 2 receivers.

Unattended installations rely on the use of answer files to fill in installation information, and can be performed through a bootable CD using Microsoft Systems Management Server, by the System Preparation Tool.

* Systems without MMU have no memory protection against illegal access, nor per process memory protection while systems with MMU can have memory protection enabled.

Systems with two degrees of freedom, such as coupled pendulums and resonant transformers can have two resonant frequencies.

* Systems that operate on free and open source software systems including Linux are various, and include open-source programs such as the Festival Speech Synthesis System which uses diphone-based synthesis ( and can use a limited number of MBROLA voices ), and gnuspeech which uses articulatory synthesis from the Free Software Foundation.

* Linus Torvalds ( against Systems Hungarian ): " Encoding the type of a function into the name ( so-called Hungarian notation ) is brain damaged — the compiler knows the types anyway and can check those, and it only confuses the programmer.

Herbivory, carnivory, and omnivory can be regarded as special cases of Consumer-Resource Systems.

Systems that do not have a flat response can be equalized by creating a " mirror image " using a graphic equalizer.

Systems used in series such as Formula One have become advanced to the point where the potential lap time of the car can be calculated, and this time is what the driver is expected to meet.