His attacks on Tammany Hall were so frequent and so virulent that in 1894 he was sued for libel because of biographical sketches of certain leaders in that organization ; cases which never came up for trial.

The Flatiron's other original tenants included publishers ( magazine publishing pioneer Frank Munsey, American Architect and Building News and a vanity publisher ), an insurance company ( the Equitable Life Assurance Society ), small businesses ( a patent medicine company, Western Specialty Manufacturing Company and Whitehead & Hoag, who made celluloid novelties ), music publishers ( overflow from " Tin Pan Alley " up on 28th Street ) and other miscellaneous concerns ( a landscape architect, the Imperial Russian Consulate and the Bohemian Guides Society ), as well as the offices of the Roebling Construction Company, owned by the sons of Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker.

In the early 1830s, there were only two towns in St. Tammany: Covington, a retreat with summer homes and hotels ; and Madisonville, a shipbuilding and sawmill town.

The Tammany Society was named for Tamanend, a Native American leader of the Lenape, and emerged as the center for Democratic-Republican Party politics in the City in the early 19th Century.

In its very early days, the Tammany Society used a room in a tavern on Chatham Street – which is now Park Row – as an unofficial campaign headquarters on election days, referring to it as " Tammanial Hall ".

Among the early groups were: The Sons of Liberty, the Sons of St. Tammany, and later the Society of Red Men.

Mitchel's early popularity was soon dented, however, when Tammany Hall attacked a series of planned educational reforms, suggesting that they would make it impossible for poor Catholic children to receive a free education.

After his retirement from the Senate, Lehman remained politically active, working with Eleanor Roosevelt and Thomas K. Finletter in the late 1950s and early 1960s to support the reform Democratic movement in Manhattan that eventually defeated longtime Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio.

Bossism was a very large issue in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, where machines such as Tammany Hall controlled politics in their regions through influencing financing of campaigns and influence via owing of favours to arrange patronage public appointments.

In the early 1870s, Wickham became an anti-Ring Democrat opposed to Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall.

While St. Tammany was sparsely populated and almost wholly rural in the 1950s, its population exceeded 200, 000 in the wake of Hurricane Katrina's landfall in 2005.

Tammany Hall was permanently weakened by the election of Fiorello La Guardia on a " fusion " ticket of Republicans, reform-minded Democrats, and independents in 1934, and, despite a brief resurgence in the 1950s, it ceased to exist in the 1960s.

A brief resurgence in Tammany power in the 1950s was met with Democratic Party opposition led by Eleanor Roosevelt, Herbert Lehman, and the New York Committee for Democratic Voters.

Tammany, under its boss, John Kelly, had not supported Cleveland's nomination as governor, and disliked him all the more when Cleveland openly opposed the re-election of one of their State Senators.

According to legend Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown section.

In a special election, Clinton defeated the Federalist Nicholas Fish and the Tammany Hall candidate Marinus Willett, to become Lieutenant Governor under Governor Daniel D. Tompkins until the end of the term in June 1813.

This list was compiled from famous cover-ups such as Watergate Scandal, Iran-Contra Affair, My Lai Massacre, Pentagon Papers, the cover-up of corruption in New York City under Boss Tweed ( William M. Tweed and Tammany Hall ) in the late 1800s, and the tobacco industry coverup of the health hazards of smoking.

However, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most infamously under William M. " Boss " Tweed in the mid-19th century.

The once mighty Tammany political machine, now deprived of its leadership, quickly faded from political importance, and by the mid-1960s it ceased to exist, its demise as the controlling group of the New York Democratic Party sealed when the Village Independent Democrats under Ed Koch wrested away control of the Manhattan party.

The legend is that Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what became the city's Kensington District.

Sulzer and many historians later affirmed that the impeachment charges were made under instructions from Murphy, to remove him as an obstacle to Tammany Hall's influence in state politics.

( as of 2012, he was the last NY Mayor to accomplish this feat ) Hoffman's election was aided by Tammany Hall under the leadership of its boss William Tweed.

After the American Civil War the Democratic Party under Boss William Tweed's Tammany Hall gained a monopoly in both New York City Hall and the New York Legislature.

New York City workers under the Tammany Hall system were paid excessive rates on the burden of tax payers.

To reduce costs it was revised in November 1870, and completed under the new Tammany Hall regime as an open painted-wood pavilion.

Under DeSapio's leadership, the nationality of Tammany Hall's leaders diversified.

As boss of Tammany, he demonstrated liberal credentials when he diversified Tammany's leadership by naming the first Puerto Rican Manhattan district leader, Anthony Mandez, and backed Hulan Jack as Manhattan's first African-American Borough President.

His leadership ended in 1961, and with it the dynasty that was Tammany Hall.

When running for his third term, he broke with the Tammany Hall leadership, ending the reign of clubhouse bosses in city politics.

After Croker's failure to carry the city in the presidential election of 1900 and the defeat of his mayoralty candidate, Edward M. Shepard in 1901, he resigned from his position of leadership in Tammany and was succeeded by Lewis Nixon.

The Last of the Big-Time Bosses: The Life and Times of Carmine de Sapio and the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall ( 1971 )

A Democrat, he became active in New York City politics as a reformer and opponent of Carmine DeSapio and Tammany Hall.

* Carmine DeSapio ( 1908-2004 ), last head of the Tammany Hall political machine

He sought the Democratic nomination for Governor in 1954, but, after persuasion by powerful Tammany Hall boss Carmine DeSapio, abandoned his bid for Governor was nominated by the Democratic State Convention to run for New York State Attorney General.

His nomination and election as New York City mayor in 1953 caused a rift in the Democratic Party, and instigated a long-standing feud between Eleanor Roosevelt and Carmine DeSapio, Boss of Tammany Hall.

However when he sought a third term in 1961 Wagner broke with Carmine DeSapio and won the Democratic primary anyway, despite a challenge from Tammany's candidate Arthur Levitt Sr. A Democratic Mayor not aligned with Tammany was a new development and marked a milestone in the decline of traditional clubhouse or machine politics in New York City.

Unlike previous Tammany " bosses ", however, DeSapio had promoted himself as a reformer and always made his decisions known to the public.

The fact that DeSapio was of Italian descent also demonstrated that Tammany was no longer dominated by Irish-American politicians.

New Yorkers now saw DeSapio as an old-time Tammany Hall boss, and Hogan would lose the Senate election to Republican Kenneth Keating ; Republican Nelson Rockefeller would also be elected Governor the same year as well.

In 1961, Wagner won re-election by running a reformist campaign that denounced his former patron, DeSapio, as an undemocratic practitioner of Tammany machine politics.

Following his loss, Eleanor Roosevelt began building a campaign against the Tammany Hall leader that eventually forced DeSapio to step down from power in 1961.

In 1949, DeSapio became the youngest Boss in the history of Tammany Hall, succeeding Hugo Rogers, and his Italian heritage signaled the end of Tammany's longtime dominance by Irish-American politicians.

In 1951, Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee concluded that DeSapio was feeding the interests of New York's most powerful mobster Frank Costello, and that Costello had become the lead person who influenced decisions made by the Tammany Hall council.

As leader of Tammany Hall DeSapio reveled in the limelight, attending charitable fund-raising events, making himself available to the press and delivering speeches in highbrow venues that were thought off-limits to political bosses.

New Yorkers now saw DeSapio as an old-time Tammany Hall boss and Hogan would lose the Senate election to Republican Kenneth Keating ; Republican Nelson Rockefeller would also be elected Governor the same year as well.

In 1961, Wagner won re-election by running a reformist campaign that denounced his former patron, DeSapio, as an undemocratic practitioner of Tammany machine politics.