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Tartary ( Latin: Tartaria ) or Great Tartary ( Latin: Tartaria Magna ) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate the Great Steppe, that is the great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited mostly by Turkic, Mongol peoples and also by some Cossacks of Russian origin, citizens of the Mongol Empire who were generically referred to as " Tartars ", i. e. Tatars.
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Tartary and Latin
He crossed the sea on Michaelmas Day 1322 ; had traversed by way of Turkey ( Asia Minor ), Armenia the Little ( Cilicia ) and the Great, Tartary, Persia, Syria, Arabia, Egypt upper and lower, Libya, great part of Ethiopia, Chaldea, Amazonia, India the Less, the Greater and the Middle, and many countries about India ; had often been to Jerusalem, and had written in Romance as more generally understood than Latin.
The Vegetable Lamb of Tartary ( Latin: Agnus scythicus or Planta Tartarica Barometz ) is a legendary zoophyte of Central Asia, believed to grow sheep as its fruit.
Tartary and Great
This resulted in two of his most original operas being consigned to his desk drawer, namely Cublai, gran kan de ' Tartari ( Kublai Grand Kahn of Tartary ) a satire on the autocracy and court intrigues at the court of the Russian Czarina, Catherine the Great, and Catilina ( Cataline ) a semi-comic-semi-tragic account of the Catiline conspiracy that attempted to overthrow the Roman republic during the consulship of Cicero.
Pope Innocent IV organized the first missions to the Great Khan Tartary in 1254, entrusted to the Franciscans, as were subsequent Papal missions over the next century.
Tartary and was
He found Christian prisoners from Germany in the heart of " Tartary " ( at Talas ), and was compelled to observe the ceremony of passing between two fires, as a bringer of gifts to a dead Khan, gifts which were of course treated by the Mongols as evidence of submission.
By the end of 1346, reports of plague had reached the seaports of Europe: " India was depopulated, Tartary, Mesopotamia, Syria, Armenia were covered with dead bodies ".
The early medieval slave trade was mainly confined to the South and East: the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world were the destinations, pagan Central and Eastern Europe, along with the Caucasus and Tartary, were important sources.
For instance, a late 19th-century encyclopedia titled The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia said that " Chinese Tartary " ( Xinjiang ) was at the time " occupied by a mixed population of Turk, Mongol, and Kalmuk ".
It was not until the expedition of Jean-François de La Pérouse ( 1787 ), who charted most of the Strait of Tartary, but was not able to pass through its northern " bottleneck " due to contrary winds, that the island on European maps assumed a form similar to what is familiar to modern readers.
The Japanese say that it was Mamiya Rinzō who really discovered the Strait of Tartary in 1809.
The land adjacent to it from the west was referred to at the time as the " Chinese Tartary "
In 1797 William Broughton also decided that the Gulf of Tartary was a bay and turned south.
S-117 was a Soviet Shchuka class submarine that was lost on or about 15 December 1952, due to unknown causes in the Strait of Tartary in the Sea of Japan.
The southeastern part of the Strait of Tartary was the site of one of the tensest incidents of the Cold War, when on September 1, 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying 269 people including a sitting U. S. congressman, Larry McDonald, strayed into the Soviet air space and was attacked by a Soviet Su-15 interceptor just west of Sakhalin Island.
He proved that the Strait of Tartary was not a gulf, but indeed a strait, connected to Amur's estuary by a narrow section later called Nevelskoy Strait.
Its immediate precursor and prototype was a collection of thirty-eight maps of European lands, and of Asia, Africa, Tartary and Egypt, gathered together by the wealth and enterprise, and through the agents, of Ortelius ’ friend and patron, Gilles Hooftman, lord of Cleydael and Aertselaer: most of these were printed in Rome, eight or nine only in the Southern Netherlands.
After the Fall of the Ming Dynasty, a western Mongol group established a polity in " Chinese Tartary " as it was sometimes known, or in eastern Xinjiang, expanding southward into southern Xinjiang.
Tartary was often divided into sections with prefixes denoting the name of the ruling power or the geographical location.
Thus, western Siberia was Muscovite or Russian Tartary, Xinjiang and Mongolia were Chinese or Cathay Tartary, western Turkestan ( later Russian Turkestan ) was known as Independent Tartary, and Manchuria was East Tartary.
Tartary and name
Since the Manchus ' rise to prominence in 1644, the name " Tartars " became applied to them as well, and Manchuria ( and Mongolia ) became known to the Europeans as the " Chinese Tartary ".
Accordingly, when La Pérouse charted most of the strait between Sakhalin and the mainland " Chinese Tartary " in 1787, the body of water received the name of the Strait ( or Channel, or Gulf ) of Tartary.
On Russian maps, the short narrowest section of the strait ( south of the mouth of the Amur ) is called Nevelskoy Strait, after Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy, who explored the area in 1848 ; the body of water north of there, into which the Amur River flows, is the Amur Liman ; and the name of " Strait of Tartary " is reserved for the largest section of the body of water, south of Nevelskoy Strait.
In the novel Ada by Vladimir Nabokov, Tartary is the name of a large country on the fictional planet of Antiterra.
He also espoused a theory as to the origin of the name Oregon, claiming it came from the Orjon River in Chinese Tartary.
In anterior Epic Age, Kumuda was the name given to high table-land of the Tartary located to north of the Himalaya range from which the Aryan race may have originally pushed their way southwards into Indian peninsula and preserved the name in their traditions as a relic of old mountain worship ( Thompson ).
Tartary and by
* 1251 – Andrew of Longumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, returns to his king with reports from the Mongols and Tartary ; his mission is considered a failure.
* Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary ; his mission is considered a failure.
Sakhalin is separated from the mainland by the narrow and shallow Mamiya Strait or Strait of Tartary, which often freezes in winter in its narrower part, and from Hokkaidō, ( Japan ) by the Soya Strait or La Pérouse Strait.
The coasts of the " Channel of Tartary " were charted by Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse | La Pérouse in 1787.
There, within its walled city and fortress, Angelica and the knights she has befriended make their stand when attacked by Agrican, emperor of Tartary.
* News from Tartary by Peter Fleming, 1936
European areas north of the Black Sea inhabited by Turkic peoples were known as Little Tartary.
The " Komul Desert of the Tartary " was mentioned by Immanuel Kant in his " Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime ", as a " great far-reaching solitude ".
In The Pied Piper of Hamelin by Robert Browning, the Pied Piper mentions Tartary as one of his credentials in pest removal to the Mayor of Hamelin.
In his short work with E. Hoffmann Price, " Through the Gates of the Silver Key ," H. P. Lovecraft briefly mentions Tartary: " Upon their cloaked heads there now seemed to rest tall, uncertainly coloured mitres, strangely suggestive of those on certain nameless figures chiselled by a forgotten sculptor along the living cliffs of a high, forbidden mountain in Tartary ..."
In Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, the eponymic hero refers to his travels in Tartary on two occasions, and suggests that the then modern geographers of Europe were " in a great error, by supposing nothing but sea between Japan and California ; for it was ever my opinion, that there must be a balance of earth to counterpoise the great continent of Tartary ..."
Tartary and Europeans
As the Russian Empire expanded eastward and more of Tartary became known to Europeans, the term fell into disuse.
Tartary and from
Strait of Tartary ( Gulf of Tartary, Gulf of Tatary, Tatar Strait, Tartar Strait, Strait of Tartar, also Chinese: 韃靼海峽, Japanese:, Mamiya Strait, Russian Татарский пролив ) is a strait in the Pacific Ocean dividing the Russian island of Sakhalin from mainland Asia ( South-East Russia ), connecting the Sea of Okhotsk on the north with the Sea of Japan on the south.
Looking at the map, one could think that the Strait of Tartary would provide a convenient connection for boats sailing from the Sea of Japan to the Sea of Okhotsk, e. g. from Vanino to Magadan.
Only when coming back from Magadan to Vanino with a low load and in good weather would the ships travel along the shortest route, i. e., via the Amur Liman, Nevelskoy Strait, and the Strait of Tartary proper ( which, incidentally, SASCO calls the " Strait of Sakhalin "-Sakhalinsky Proliv ).
Ella Maillart later recorded this trek in her book Forbidden Journey, while Peter Fleming's parallel account is found in his News from Tartary.
East Tartary and Maritime Tartary are old names for the Manchu-inhabited territory extending from the confluence of the River Amur with the River Ussuri to Sakhalin Island.
" In Tartary I freed the Cham, last June, from his huge swarms of gnats ;"
The Squire's Tale from Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is set in the royal court of Tartary.
* Fleming, P. ( 1936 ) News from Tartary: a journey from Peking to Kashmir.
Being an account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia.
In the 18th and early 19th century Kashmir ( then called Cashmere by the British ), had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat down imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh.
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