In his De praescriptione contra haereticos, Tertullian mentioned continence as one of the customs in Mithraism that he claimed were imitated from Christianity, but does not associate it specifically with the clergy.

As mentioned above, Tertullian claimed that Valentinus was a candidate for bishop, after which he turned to heresy in a fit of pique.

Tertullian tells us that this was because he had become intimate with a woman named Philumena who claimed to be possessed by an angel, who gave her ' revelations ' which Apelles read out in public.

The Against Marcion is lost, as is the Refutation of all Heresies to which Justin himself refers in Apology, i. 26 ; Hegesippus, besides perhaps Irenaeus and Tertullian, seems to have used it.

Examples of the Western text are found in Codex Bezae, Codex Claromontanus, Codex Washingtonianus, the Old Latin ( i. e., Latin translations made prior to the Vulgate ), as well as in quotations by Marcion, Tatian, Irenaeus, Tertullian and Cyprian.

Tertullian ( Against Marcion 4: 8 ) records that " for this reason the Jews call us ' Nazarenes '.

In about 200 AD, Tertullian wrote ( Against Marcion IV.

* Evans, Ernest ( comments and translation ): Tertullian, Against Marcion ( Oxford University Press, 1972 ).

Even so, many scholars ( including Henry Wace ) claim it is possible to reconstruct and deduce a large part of ancient Marcionism through what later critics, especially Tertullian, said concerning Marcion.

According to Tertullian and other writers of the mainstream Church ( which scholars refer to as Proto-orthodox Christianity ), the movement known as Marcionism began with the teachings and excommunication of Marcion around 144.

Tertullian disputed this in his treatise against Marcion, as did Henry Wace:

Tertullian, along with Epiphanius of Salamis, also charged that Marcion set aside the gospels of Matthew, Mark and John, and used Luke alone.

Tertullian cited Luke 6: 43-45 ( a good tree does not produce bad fruit ) and Luke 5: 36-38 ( nobody tears a piece from a new garment to patch an old garment or puts new wine in old wineskins ), in theorizing that Marcion set about to recover the authentic teachings of Jesus.

( This is a separate question to Marcion's " canon ", which included only edited versions of Luke and the Pauline epistles ; according to Tertullian, Marcion " omitted " the Epistle to the Hebrews and the Pastoral Epistles.

Tertullian wrote about Marcion gnostics in his work Against Marcion indicating that there they believed in baptism of the dead.

The question is indeed curious whether Marcion knew these three letters and rejected them as Tertullian says, since in 1 Timothy 6: 20 " false opposing arguments " are referred to, with the word for " opposing arguments " being " antithesis ", the name of Marcion's work, and so whether it is a subtle hint of Marcion's heresy.

So many Catholic Christian apologists wrote treatises against Marcion after his death, in addition to the noted work of Tertullian, that it has been possible to reconstruct almost the whole of Marcion's Gospel of the Lord from their quotations.

The late 2nd-century writer Tertullian noted that Marcion, " expunged the Gospel of Luke all the things that oppose his view ... but retained those things that accord with his opinion ".

# ‘ An Early Metacommentary: Tertullian ’ s Against Marcion ’, in Reading from Right to Left: Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honour of David J.

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

It is evident from these particulars that Abrasax was the name of the first of the 365 Archons, and accordingly stood below Sophia and Dynamis and their progenitors ; but his position is not expressly stated, so that the writer of the supplement to Tertullian had some excuse for confusing him with " the Supreme God.

Tertullian believed Atlantis was once real and wrote that in the Atlantic Ocean once existed "( the isle ) that was equal in size to Libya or Asia " referring to Plato's geographical description of Atlantis.

Treatment of eschatology continued in the West in the teachings of Tertullian ( c. 160 – 225 ), and was given fuller reflection and speculation soon after by Origen ( c. 185 – 254 ).

Pauline authorship was held to by many of the early church's prominent theologians, such as Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, Origen of Alexandria and Eusebius.

Tertullian ( c. a. d. 160 – 225 ) wrote that when it was discovered that a church elder had composed a pseudonymous work, The Acts of Paul ( which included a purported Pauline letter, 3 Corinthians ), the offending elder “ was removed from his office ” ( On Baptism 17 ).

According to him the Comma was known for Tertullian.

Tertullian in an anti-heretical apologetic alludes to instances of the ' interpretation of tongues ' as one among several examples of ' spiritual gifts ' common enough in his day to be easily encountered and provide evidence that God was at work in the church:

The Church Fathers, witnessed by the Muratorian Canon, Irenaeus ( c. 170 ), Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Tertullian, held that the Gospel of Luke was written by Luke.

She argues that the legacy of Christian misogyny was consolidated by the so-called " Fathers " of the Church, like Tertullian, who thought a woman was not only " the gateway of the devil " but also " a temple built over a sewer.

Tertullian ( c. 155 – 230 ) too, while advising postponement of baptism until after marriage, mentions that it was customary to baptise infants, with sponsors speaking on their behalf.

Church Fathers Tertullian and Jerome held to traducianism and creationism, respectively, and pre-existence was condemned as heresy in the Second Council of Constantinople in AD 553.

It is an old error to suppose that Tertullian attacked this in his ' De pudicitia ', but Tertullian is referring to the remission of sins, not to the reception of converts, and was probably writing ten years earlier ; the bishop he criticizes is much more likely to be the bishop of Carthage than the bishop of Rome.

Patripassianism was referred to as a belief ascribed to those following Sabellianism, after its founder Sabellius, especially by the chief opponent Tertullian.

Tertullian may have authored the term Patripassianism but was certainly a chief opponent of Modalism or the belief in one God with different modes.

The chief critic of Sabellianism was Tertullian, who labeled the movement " Patripassianism ", from the Latin words pater for " father ", and passus from the verb " to suffer " because it implied that the Father suffered on the Cross.

It was coined by Tertullian in his work Adversus Praxeas, Chapter I, " By this Praxeas did a twofold service for the devil at Rome: he drove away prophecy, and he brought in heresy ; he put to flight the Paraclete, and he crucified the Father.

Traducianism was initially developed by Tertullian and arguably propagated by Augustine of Hippo, and has been endorsed by Gregory of Nyssa, Anastasius Sinaita, Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, many in the early Catholic Church ), various Lutheran churches, and some modern theologians such as Augustus H. Strong ( Baptist ), W. G. T. Shedd and Gordon Clark ( Presbyterian ), Lewis Sperry Chafer, Millard Erickson, Norman L. Geisler, Robert Culver, and Robert L. Reymond.

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian ( c. 160 – c. 225 AD ), was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

( Tertullianus was mis-identified only much later with the Christian Tertullian by church historians.

It is unclear whether the name was merely another for the Montanists or that this means Tertullian later split with the Montanists and founded his own group.

This may have been the Roman tradition — which Tertullian usually follows — and in Rome the epistle may have had its first readers.

" Tertullian argument that second marriage " consists essentially in fornication " is seen to extend to the first and lawful marriage.

The first mention of " Christian " art is found near the beginning of the 2nd century in the writings of Tertullian ( c. 160-220 ) and in Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150-212 ).

Tertullian was the first to break the force of such charges as that the Christians sacrificed infants at the celebration of the Lord's Supper and committed incest.

According to the Liber Pontificalis, it was first used in the first half of the fourth century, although Tertullian wrote an essay no later than 220 AD titled De Pallio ( On the Pallium ).

Early Christian writer Tertullian claims that the first circus games were staged by goddess Circe in honour of her father Helios, the Sun god.

Plutarch's mention of Hermes Trismegistus dates back to the first century CE, and Tertullian, Iamblichus, and Porphyry are all familiar with Hermetic writings.

The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century, although the first Christian communities probably were established some decades earlier.

For instance, Steven Cox and Kendell Easley list four separate approaches to a solution, ranging from a grammatical approach to the translation of the Greek word prote used in Luke to be read as " registration before Quirinius was governor of Syria " to archeological arguments and references to Tertullian that indicate that a " two step census " was performed, involving an early registration, given that Luke 2: 2 refers to the " first enrolment ".

Bernard theorizes that the majority of all believers were Oneness adherents until the time of Tertullian, who died circa 225, and was the first notable Church figure to use the term Trinity to describe God.

Similarly, Tertullian argued that second marriage, by one who was made freed from the first by death, " will have to be termed no other than a species of fornication ," partly based on the reasoning that such involves desiring to marry a women out of sexual ardor.

The term was first coined by the 3rd century North African Christian writer, Tertullian, in his work De Pallio.

Among Church writers Tertullian († 230 ) is the first to mention prayers for the dead, and not as a concession to natural sentiment, but as a duty: The widow who does not pray for her dead husband has as good as divorced him.

The first section of Apology is concerned with the unjust treatment of the Christians, which Tertullian believes stems from the ignorance of the pagan populace.

Of the more “ manifest crimes ”, as Tertullian refers to them, he first addresses the charges of sacrilege and says that Christians do not worship the pagan gods because the gods are not real, do not exist and thus hold no power or control over anything.

Most scholars believe that Luke made an error in referring to the census but other scholars have attempted to reconcile its account with Matthew, ranging from a grammatical approach to the translation of the Greek word prote used in Luke to be read as " registration before Quirinius was governor of Syria " to archeological arguments and references to Tertullian that indicate that a " two step census " was performed, involving an early registration, given that Luke 2: 2 refers to the " first enrolment ".

In the first few centuries of Christianity, Africa produced many figures who had a major influence outside the continent, including St Augustine of Hippo, St Maurice, Origen, Tertullian, and three Roman Catholic popes ( Victor I, Miltiades and Gelasius I ), as well as the Biblical characters Simon of Cyrene and the Ethiopian eunuch baptised by Philip the Evangelist.

In addition, the Greek geographer Strabo, writing in the first century AD, refers to some Persian women veiling their faces ; and the early third-century Christian writer Tertullian clearly refers in his treatise The Veiling of Virgins to some pagan women of " Arabia " wearing a veil that covers not only their head but also the entire face.

It is evident from these particulars that Abrasax was the name of the first of the 365 Archons, and accordingly stood below Sophia and Dynamis and their progenitors ; but his position is not expressly stated, so that the writer of the supplement to Tertullian had some excuse for confusing him with " the Supreme God.

Tertullian ( 2nd century ) uses processio and procedere in the sense of to go out, appear in public, and, as applied to a church function, processio was first used in the same way as collecta, i. e. for the assembly of the people in a church.

Aristotle's epigenetic view of successive life principles (" souls ") in a developing human embryo — first a vegetative and then a sensitive or animal soul, and finally an intellective or human soul, with the higher levels able to carry out the functions also of the lower levels — was the prevailing view among early Christians, including Tertullian, Augustine, and Jerome.