Many physicists and philosophers have objected to the Copenhagen interpretation, both on the grounds that it is non-deterministic and that it includes an undefined measurement process that converts probability functions into non-probabilistic measurements.

Since all problems in NP can be reduced to this problem it follows that for all problems in NP we can construct a non-deterministic Turing machine that decides the complement of the problem in polynomial time, i. e., NP is a subset of co-NP.

This set of languages is also known as NLIN-SPACE, because they can be accepted using linear space on a non-deterministic Turing machine.

That is: in a non-deterministic GC system, if a resource or a resource like object requires manual resource management ( release / close ), and this object is used as ' part of ' another object, then the composed object will also become a resource like object that itself requires manual resource management ( release / close ).

Since approach two is expensive and non-deterministic, its use is very limited.

In an equivalent formal definition, NP is the set of decision problems where the " yes "- instances can be decided in polynomial time by a non-deterministic Turing machine.

The equivalence of the two definitions follows from the fact that an algorithm on such a non-deterministic machine consists of two phases, the first of which consists of a guess about the solution which is generated in a non-deterministic way, while the second consists of a deterministic algorithm which verifies or rejects the guess as a valid solution to the problem.

The notion of string acceptance is unchanged: a non-deterministic Turing machine accepts a string if, when the machine is started on the configuration in which the tape head is on the first character of the string ( if any ), and the tape is all blank otherwise, at least one of the machine's possible computations from that configuration puts the machine into a state in.

While the multiverse is deterministic, we perceive non-deterministic behavior governed by probabilities, because we can observe only the universe ( i. e., the consistent state contribution to the aforementioned superposition ) that we, as observers, inhabit.

Equivalently, a problem is # P-complete if and only if it is in # P, and for any non-deterministic Turing machine (" NP machine "), the problem of computing its number of accepting paths can be reduced to this problem.

Flood search routing: In a telephone network, non-deterministic routing in which a dialed number received at a switch is transmitted to all switches, i. e., flooded, in the area code directly connected to that switch ; if the dialed number is not an affiliated subscriber at that switch, the number is then retransmitted to all directly connected switches, and then routed through the switch that has the dialed number corresponding to the particular user end instrument affiliated with it.

Hybrid routing is the routing of telephone calls in which numbering plans and routing tables are used to permit the colocation, in the same area code, of switches using a deterministic routing scheme with switches using a non-deterministic routing scheme, such as flood search routing.

NP-hard ( non-deterministic polynomial-time hard ), in computational complexity theory, is a class of problems that are, informally, " at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP ".

Gurevich: "... Turing's informal argument in favor of his thesis justifies a stronger thesis: every algorithm can be simulated by a Turing machine ... according to Savage, an algorithm is a computational process defined by a Turing machine ".

There is a wide variety of representations possible and one can express a given Turing machine program as a sequence of machine tables ( see more at finite state machine, state transition table and control table ), as flowcharts ( see more at state diagram ), or as a form of rudimentary machine code or assembly code called " sets of quadruples " ( see more at Turing machine ).

But Minsky shows ( as do Melzak and Lambek ) that his machine is Turing complete with only four general types of instructions: conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment / replacement / substitution, and HALT.

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

We could, alternatively, choose an encoding for Turing machines, where an encoding is a function which associates to each Turing Machine M a bitstring < M >.

If M is a Turing Machine which, on input w, outputs string x, then the concatenated string < M > w is a description of x.

This is formalised by a human-assisted Turing machine.

The complexity of executing an algorithm with a human-assisted Turing machine is given by a pair, where the first element represents the complexity of the human's part and the second element is the complexity of the machine's part.

The complexity of solving the following problems with a human-assisted Turing machine is:

This extreme growth can be exploited to show that f, which is obviously computable on a machine with infinite memory such as a Turing machine and so is a computable function, grows faster than any primitive recursive function and is therefore not primitive recursive.

Among the famous mathematicians and cryptanalysts working there, the most influential and the best-known in later years was Alan Turing who is widely credited with being " The Father of Computer Science ".

In computational complexity theory, BPP, which stands for bounded-error probabilistic polynomial time is the class of decision problems solvable by a probabilistic Turing machine in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1 / 3 for all instances.

This class is defined for a quantum computer and its natural corresponding class for an ordinary computer ( or a Turing machine plus a source of randomness ) is BPP.

" is too loaded with spurious connotations to be meaningful ; but he proposed to replace all such questions with a specific operational test, which has become known as the Turing test.

The Turing test is commonly cited in discussions of artificial intelligence as a proposed criterion for machine consciousness ; it has provoked a great deal of philosophical debate.

For example, Daniel Dennett and Douglas Hofstadter argue that anything capable of passing the Turing test is necessarily conscious, while David Chalmers argues that a philosophical zombie could pass the test, yet fail to be conscious.

Another way of putting the argument is to say computational computer programs can pass the Turing test for processing the syntax of a language, but that semantics cannot be reduced to syntax in the way Strong AI advocates hoped: processing semantics is conscious and intentional because we use semantics to consciously produce meaning by what we say.

The child of this problem was Mr. Brown's famous Serial No. 1 Universal Milling Machine, the archtype from which is descended today's universal knee-type milling machine used throughout the world.

The original machine, bearing its famous serial number, is still on exhibition at the Brown & Sharpe Precision Center in Providence.

Recently added is the Brown & Sharpe turret drilling machine which introduces the company to an entirely new field of tool development.

This machine, operating at speeds up to 350,000 revolutions per minute, is believed to provide one of the fastest mechanical operations in industry today.

A relatively simple switching arrangement reverses the cycle so that the machine literally runs backward, and the heat is extracted from outdoor air and turned indoors.

Now, the machine has been improved to a point where it is generally more economical than oil heat at temperatures down to 15 degrees.

The body is a heat machine, and 20 to 25 guests can easily double your cooling load.

A BTU is a unit of heat, and the BTU rating of a conditioner refers to how much heat your machine can pump out of your house in an hour.

Hard-surface cleaning in household application is represented by two classes of alkaline products: ( 1 ) the formulations made expressly for machine dishwashers, and ( 2 ) the general-purpose cleaners used for walls and woodwork.

The major training need of a new industrial plant is a short period of pre-employment training for a large number of semi-skilled machine operators.

The one- or two-digit number of the index word or electronic switch was used in the operand of a symbolic machine instruction to specify indexing or as a parameter which is always an index word or electronic switch, e.g., 3.

The resident staff is large and consists of professional assistants, graduate students, abstractors, librarian, technical editor, machine operators, secretarial help, and others.

The suds box drain is arranged at the start to deliver into the raised main drain pipe ( thus returning suds to soap box ) and the machine is started.

The machine is equipped with a pipe for injecting live steam that is capable of raising the temperature of water at an eight-inch level from 110-degrees to 140-degrees-F ( 38*0 to 60*0C. ) in less than two minutes.

It is not through space nor time that the time machine most approved by science fiction must travel for a visit to the permanent prehistoric past, or the ever-existent past-fantasy future.

If an expensive and specialized piece of machinery is needed -- such as a spray rig, a combine, or a binder -- it is better to pay someone with a machine to do the work.

Of the two, Porter is justly the better known, for he went far beyond the vital finding of fiction for films to take the first step toward fashioning a language of film, toward making the motion picture the intricate, efficient time machine that it has remained since, even in the most inept hands.

But humans can do something equally useful, in the case of certain enumerably infinite sets: They can give explicit instructions for determining the nth member of the set, for arbitrary finite n. Such instructions are to be given quite explicitly, in a form in which they could be followed by a computing machine, or by a human who is capable of carrying out only very elementary operations on symbols.