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That the Mongols referred to Western Xia as " Tangut " to represent the founding ethnic group, the Tuyühu Xianbei, is consistent with the theories of the Mongol origins postulated by the Outer Mongolian scholars, who have held that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu, more specifically the eastern Xiongnu who spoke proto-Mongolic language, as opposed to the western Xiongnu who spoke proto-Turkish language.
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Mongols and referred
The rise period witnessed Sultanate of Rûm's defeat against the Mongols in the 14th century and was followed by the Growth of the Ottoman Empire ( 29 May 1453 – 11 / 12 September 1683 ) — a period referred as Pax Ottomana, the economic and social stability attained in the conquered provinces of the Ottoman Empire, by some historians.
The Mongols caught up with him on the banks of the Indus and defeated him what in now referred to as the Battle of Indus.
In his " History of the Mongols ", the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, referred to Cumania around 1236-1237, during the Mongol invasion of Möngke, the future Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
It is therefore considered to be a continuation of the Chagatai Khanate, but it is also referred to as the Moghul Khanate, since its tribal inhabitants were originally considered to be pure " Moghuls " ( i. e., Mongols ), in contrast to the mostly Turkic and Turkicised Mongols of Transoxiana.
* The Mongol general Subutai is referred to in the Secret History of the Mongols as baghatur.
Mongols and Western
However, the Oirads or Western Mongols began to challenge the Eastern Mongols under the Borjigin monarchs in the late 14th century.
Present-day Khalkha Mongols and Inner Mongolians are the most prominent of the remaining Eastern Mongols while the Kalmyks ( formerly Oirats ) in Europe are the main descendants of the Western Mongols.
Smaller numbers of Mongols exist in Western Europe and North America.
In the Middle Ages, the Mongol Empire's campaign against China ( then comprising the Western Xia Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, and Southern Song Dynasty ) by Genghis Khan until Kublai Khan, who eventually established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, with their armies was extremely effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas.
A significant number of historians consider the oppression of Rus ' by the Mongols to be the major cause of what is sometimes called " the East-West gap "-approximately 200 years delay in introducing major social, political and economical reforms and scientific innovations in Russia compared to Western Europe.
From the 6th to the 13th century it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs ( who converted the area to Islam ), Persian Samanids, Kara-Khanid Turks, Seljuk Turks, Kara-Khitan, and Khorezmshah before the Mongols arrived in 1220.
Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged them four years later.
After the Western Xia capital was overrun in 1227, the Mongols devastated its buildings and written records, killed the last emperor and massacred tens of thousands of civilians — effectively bringing the state to an end.
In 1227 the capital of Western Xia was overrun by the Mongols, who devastated its buildings and written records: all was burnt to the ground except its monastery.
After the coming of the Mongols to the Western world, accounts placed the king in Central Asia, and eventually Portuguese explorers convinced themselves that they had found him in Ethiopia.
Modern historians, however, state that the truth of the matter is this: There are indeed numerous ancient records of Mongol raids and occupations of Jerusalem ( from Western, Armenian, or Arab sources ), and in 1300 the Mongols did achieve a brief victory in Syria which caused a Muslim retreat, and allowed the Mongols to launch raids into the Levant as far as Gaza for a period of a few months.
In response to the Western Mongols ’ self-designation as the " Dörben Oirat " ( Four Oirat ), the Eastern Mongols began to refer to themselves as the " Döchin Mongols " ( Forty Mongols ), expressed otherwise as " Döchin Dörben Khoyar " ( The Forty and Four ).
Nor have they considered themselves Western Mongols.
After the fall of the Mongol Empire, Mongolia was divided between the Eastern and Western Mongols.
Byzantium held out against the invasions of the centuries with a vitality that the Western Roman Empire lost, repelling the Visigoths, the Huns, the Saracens, the Mongols and finally the Turks ( during the first siege ).
Oirat groups of the Western Mongols typically sing long songs unaccompanied or accompanied with the igil.
The reference of " Monguor " in the Western publications came from their self-reference as " Chaghan Monguor " ( or " White Mongols ").
By the time that the Mongols emerged in the thirteenth century, the only " Donghu people " who existed were the " Tu " in Western Xia.
Mongols and Xia
After the Xia capital was overrun in 1227, the Mongols inflicted devastating destruction on its architecture and written records, killing the last emperor and massacring tens of thousands of civilians.
After the Yuan fell, the Xia who followed the Mongols into the northern grassland were immersed among and later classified into the " Mongols.
That the Mongolian term " Tangut " represented " the Donghu people ," the Xianbei and their descendants who had founded the Tuyühu and Western Xia empires, would validate the theories of the Outer Mongolian scholars that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu.
The fact that there were Wuhuan groups, who were part of the Donghu federation and followed Tuyühu Khan in the westward migration, would make the interpretation that " Tangut " represented " the Donghu people " stronger, not only from reflecting that the Wuhuan joined the Xianbei in the Tuyühu and Western Xia empires, but also contrasting that the Mongols had descended from the Xiongnu.
If the Mongols had descended from the Xianbei, as the Chinese scholars characterized, the Mongols would have shared the same ethnic origins with the Xianbei of the Tuyühu Empire and not have called them as " the Donghu people " in reference of Western Xia.
In 1209 the Mongols conquered the Xi Xia.
Mongols and Tangut
The first documented contact between the Tibetans and the Mongols occurred when the missionary Tsang-pa Dung-khur ( gTsang-pa Dung-khur-ba ) and six disciples met Genghis Khan, probably on the Tangut border where he may have been taken captive, around 1221 – 2.
He left Mongolia as the Quanzhen sect of Daoism gained the upper hand, but remet Genghis Khan when Mongols conquered Tangut shortly before the Khan's death.
The similarities among the Mongols, Türk, Tangut, and Tatars who inhabited this region cause considerable ethnic and historical confusion.
Generally, the Mongols and the closely related Tatars inhabited the northern and the eastern areas ; the Türk ( who already had begun to spread over western Asia and southeastern Europe ) were in the west and the southwest ; the Tangut, who were more closely related to the Tibetans than were the other nomads and who were not a Turkic people, were in eastern Xinjiang, Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia.
Mongols and represent
They used " Dschiahour " to represent the Monguor, based on Tibetan reference, in which " Dschia " was likely abbreviated from the first part of " Chaghan " ( or " White ") from the self-reference of the Monguor as " Chaghan Monguor " ( or " White Mongols "), and " Hour " was a variant record to the Tibetan reference of the Monguor as " Huo ’ er " used by the Tibetans today.
Mongols and ethnic
Many ethnic groups were involved, including ancestors of the Turks, Mongols, and Tibetans.
The legacy of Genghis Khan has been contested between China, Mongolia, and Russia, all three states having significant numbers of ethnic Mongols within their borders, and holding territory that was conquered by Khan.
During the late 13th century and first half of the 14th century, Chinese under the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty were not allowed to enter higher posts of government ( reserved for Mongols or other ethnic groups from Central Asia ), and the Imperial examination was ceased for the time being.
Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like Kazakhs to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, until the Kuomintang Muslim General Ma Bufang forced them to stop the racism and allowed them to particapate.
Mongols ( Mongolian: ), Mongolchuud ) are a Central-North Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in China.
In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia ( a smaller number of Mongols can also be found in Xinjiang in northwest China ).
The contiguous territories inhabited by ethnic Mongols is also known as Greater Mongolia.
There are approximately 10 million ethnic Mongols in total.
The Mongolian spot which is common among Mongols, is looked upon proudly as a distinguishing feature of the ethnic group.
During the Yuan and Qing dynasties China was ruled by ethnic Mongols and Manchus respectively after being conquered by them.
In 1636, Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus, including those other groups ( such as Hans and Mongols ) who had joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Empire, and formally changed the name of the ethnic designation to Manchu, outlawing use of the name Jurchen.
* Mongols, one or several ethnic groups
The Eight Banners consisted of three principal ethnic components: the Manchu, the Han, and the Mongols, and various smaller ethnic groups, such as the Daur and Evenki.
A government for the people invoked the idea of civic nationalism, which sought to create unity between the five traditional ethnic groups in China ( Han, Manchus, Mongols, Hui ( Muslims ), and Tibetans ) in order to stand up to European and Japanese imperialism as one, strong nation.
The vast majority of Chinese Buddhists are Mahayana ; while minority are Vajrayana, among them Tibetans, Mongols, and Manchu who traditionally follow their Tibetan Buddhism, and small communities of Theravada also exist among the minority ethnic groups live in southern provinces as Yunnan and Guangxi which border Burma, Thailand and Laos.
59. 5 % of Pengshui residents are members of the following 11 ethnic minorities: Miao, Tujia, Mongols, Hui, Gelao, Dong, Tibetans, Manchus, Zhuang, Yi, and Hani.
The very few critics of this analogy, however, suggest though Mongols under the Qing Court were a recognized ethnic group, ' Manchus ' were an ethnic group constructed by Nurhaci in the early 17th century, mainly for the purposes of military conquest in China ; according to this view, there were no Manchus north of the Nen River and the Songhua River, so that region cannot properly be called " Outer Manchuria " and the term from this perspective is considered to be a neologism.
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