Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

This Europeanization of the law was made explicit by a number of 19th century scholars.

The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.

In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

The term was originally coined in the 19th century by the founding sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte, and has become a major topic for psychologists ( especially evolutionary psychology researchers ), evolutionary biologists, and ethologists.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

In Greece, there was since the 19th century a science of the folklore called laographia ( laography ), in the form of " a science of the interior ", although theoretically weak ; but the connotation of the field deeply changed after World War II, when a wave of Anglo-American anthropologists introduced a science " of the outside ".

The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans, from the Renaissance through the 19th century.

Early 19th century.

In the Middle Bronze Age an apparently " alphabetic " system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script is thought by some to have been developed in the Sinai peninsula during the 19th century BC, by Canaanite workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines.

From the 19th century it once again became more and more popular.

Yombe people | Yombe-sculpture, 19th century

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

Until the late 19th century, the axiom of choice was often used implicitly, although it had not yet been formally stated.

The Iron is a famous 19th century landmark in central Norrköping

The museum can be found in the 19th century building The Iron in the Motala ström river in central Norrköping.

With the beginning of the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century, and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus, many Muslim nations and groups in that region, mainly Circassians, Tatars, Azeris, Lezgis, Chechens, and several Turkic groups left their ancestral homelands and settled in Anatolia.

Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans ' system to other Canadian aboriginal languages.

Charles Dickens was a prominent English author of the 19th century.

Leo Tolstoy was a prominent Russian author of the 19th century.

The book claims that it was submerged in 2193 BC, the same year that 19th century almanacs, following traditional Biblical chronology, gave for Noah's flood.

The vastly increasing demands of imperial expansion, and the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century, which gave the British Army its modern shape, and redefined its regimental system.

After the passage of the 19th Amendment gave women the vote in 1920, Eastman and three others wrote the Equal Rights Amendment, first introduced in 1923.

The extreme weather produced by El Niño in 1876 – 77 gave rise to the most deadly famines of the 19th century.

An historian in the 19th century suggested that the initiative of the Senate gave rise to the jealousy and suspicion of Gallienus, thus contributing in the exclusion of senators from military commands.

Although the use of water power gave way to steam power in many of the larger mills and factories, it was still used during the 18th and 19th centuries for many smaller operations, such as driving the bellows in small blast furnaces ( e. g. the Dyfi Furnace ) and gristmills, such as those built at Saint Anthony Falls, which uses the 50-foot ( 15 m ) drop in the Mississippi River.

After numerous failures in securing legislative sovereignty in the early 19th century many Poles simply gave up trying to attain a degree of independence from their foreign master-states.

They gave to the Quirinal its medieval name Monte Cavallo, which lingered into the 19th century, when the hill was transformed beyond all recognition by urbanization of an expanding capital of a united Italy.

A letter to the editor of the Morning Chronicle of 2 January 1819 states that " On the 19th of November, as the servants belonging to the West Mains of Dunsinane-house, were employed in carrying away stones from the excavation made among the ruins that point out the site of Macbeth's castle here, part of the ground they stood on suddenly gave way, and sunk down about six feet, discovering a regularly built vault, about six feet long and four wide.

Early melodramatic styles, clearly indebted to the 19th century theater, gave way in Western cinema to a relatively naturalistic style.

During the 19th century, Rudolf Virchow gave the biggest contribution to the field by introducing the procedure of

Numerous suburbs surround the city, retaining the names colonial administrators gave them during the 19th century, such as Warren Park, Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, Marlborough, Tynwald and Avondale.

Wilkes-Barre's population exploded due to the discovery of anthracite coal in the 19th century, which gave the city the nickname of " The Diamond City.

The town's industrial nature in the 19th and 20th centuries gave it the nickname " Manchester of the North ", Manse for short ( in Finnish ).

In the early 19th century Lieutenant Gabriel Moraga, commanding an expedition in the lower great California Central Valley, gave the name of San Joaquin ( meaning Joachim ) to the San Joaquin River that springs from the southern Sierra Nevada.

Galilean designs were widely used up to the end of the 19th century when they gave way to porro prism types.

From the 17th to the 19th centuries, French immigration supplemented by influxes of Africans, Chinese, Malays, and Indians gave the island its ethnic mix.

The intermingling of promyshlenniki men with Aleut and Alutiiq women in the late 19th century gave rise to a people who assumed a prominent position in the economy of Russian Alaska and the north Pacific rim.

Blackheath also gave its name to the first hockey club, established during the mid 19th century.

David Ames Wells ( 1890 ), who was a leading authority on the effects of technology on the economy in the late 19th century, gave many examples of creative destruction ( without using the term ) brought about by improvements in steam engine efficiency, shipping, the international telegraph network and agricultural mechanization.

By the late 19th century, however, rail connections to New York, Hartford, Pittsburgh and Boston gave visitors ready access to Norfolk's cool summers and clean air, and Norfolk soon evolved into a fashionable resort as its small industry declined.

Holly Hill's beginnings date back to the early 19th century, when Governor Coppinger of Spanish East Florida gave a royal title of on the Halifax River to Fernando de la Maza Arrendonda.

The town was formerly known as Malta, and gave its name to the " Malta War ", a minor rebellion against the Massachusetts state government in Boston over settlement and land ownership rights in the first decade of the 19th century.

In the early 19th century two businesses existed in town that gave some hope for more substantial growth: a steam powered flour mill and a coal mine.