Even the design of the city of Baghdad placed it in the " navel of the world ," as 9th-century historian al-Ya ' qubi wrote.

Below is quoted the story of Jabalah's return to the land of the Byzantines as told by 9th-century historian al-Baladhuri. Jabalah ibn-al-Aiham sided with the Ansar ( Azdi Muslims from Medina ) saying, " You are our brethren and the sons of our fathers " and professed Islam.

The story is known from the Historia Brittonum, attributed to the Welsh historian Nennius, which was a compilation in Latin of various older materials ( some of which were historical and others mythic or legendary ) put together during the early 9th century, and surviving in 9th-century manuscripts – i. e., some 400 years after the supposed events.

According to numerous Muslim geographers, including the 9th-century Muslim Persian explorer and geographer Ibn Khurdadhbih, many of them settled down permanently in Korea, establishing Muslim villages.

The Book of Roads and Kingdoms (, Kitāb al-Masālik w ’ al-Mamālik ) is a 9th-century geography text by the Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh.

The 9th-century Arab geographer, al-Muqaddasi, credited the Abbasids for building the northern minaret ( Madhanat al -' Arous ; " Minaret of the Bride ") of the mosque in 831 during the reign of the caliph al-Ma ' mun ( r. 813 – 833 ).

This diagnosis is acknowledged by the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 1911 ), which states: " The most trustworthy statements as to the early existence of the disease are found in an account by the 9th-century Persian physician Rhazes, by whom its symptoms were clearly described, its pathology explained by a humoral or fermentation theory, and directions given for its treatment.

She points out that buckets of apples were found in the 9th-century Oseberg ship burial site in Norway and that fruit and nuts ( Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in Skáldskaparmál ) have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe which may have had a symbolic meaning and also that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in Southwest England.

The word Mūspilli is used in a 9th-century Old High German poem of the same name to mean the end of the world as described in Christian theology.

Ibn abi Dunya, a 9th-century scholar and tutor to the caliphs, described seven censures ( prohibitions against vices ) in his writings:

A longer Epic Cycle, as described by the 9th-century CE scholar and clergyman Photius in his Bibliotheca, also included the Titanomachy and the Theban Cycle, which in turn comprised the Oedipodea, the Thebaid, the Epigoni and the Alcmeonis ; however, it is certain that none of the cyclic epics ( other than Homer ) survived to Photius ' day, and it is likely that Proclus and Photius were not referring to a canonical collection.

Three-banked (" trireme ") dromons are described in a 9th-century work dedicated to the parakoimōmenos Basil Lekapenos.

It is described in many Arabic geographical works, beginning with the famous 9th-century geography of Ibn Khordâdhbeh, which mentions it four times, stating that:

Byzantine and Arab inventors developed, among other pieces, an automatic hydraulic organ ( described by the Banu Musa in their 9th-century treatise Book of Ingenious Devices ), a ' musical tree ' at the palace of Khalif al-Muqtadir ( ruled 908 – 32 ), and a long-distance hydraulic organ that could be heard from sixty miles away ( described in the Arabic Sirr al-asrar and later translated into Latin by Roger Bacon ).

Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire.

According to a legend recorded by Snorri Sturluson, in the Heimskringla, the late 9th-century Värmlandish chieftain Áki invited both the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair and the Swedish king Eric Eymundsson, but had the Norwegian king stay in the newly constructed and sumptuous one, because he was the youngest one of the kings and the one who had the greatest prospects.

Hangzhou Tianlong 杭州天龍 " Heavenly Dragon from Hangzhou " was a 9th-century Chan Buddhist master who enlightened Juzhi Yizhi by holding up one finger.

Drogo's position enabled him to be one of the great patrons of 9th-century arts.

According to one, a 9th-century wrestler named Hajikami tied a shimenawa around his waist as a handicap and dared any to touch it, creating sumo as it is now known in the process.

Hvitserk ( Whiteshirt ) was one of the legendary sons of the 9th-century Norse king Ragnar Lodbrok and his wife Kraka, attested to by the Ragnarssona þáttr.

In one of the most-quoted passages of medieval Georgian literature, the 9th-century writer Giorgi Merchule asserts: " And Kartli consists of that spacious land in which the liturgy and all prayers are said in the Georgian language.

Even a 9th-century date would make it one of the oldest surviving Welsh works of poetry.

The 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, one of the most important sources for this period of history, does not mention Octa.

* Adolph, 9th-century Spanish martyr, one of the Martyrs of Córdoba

The 9th-century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale, with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t. Finally, Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads, a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes in order to assist recall.

Bramante's work in the city, which included Santa Maria presso San Satiro ( a reconstruction of a small 9th-century church ), the beautiful luminous tribune of Santa Maria delle Grazie and three cloisters for Sant ' Ambrogio, drew also on his studies of the Early Christian architecture of Milan such as the Basilica of San Lorenzo.

The Counts of Berg emerged in 1101 as a junior line of the dynasty of the Ezzonen, which traced its roots back to the 9th-century Kingdom of Lotharingia, and in the 11th century became the most powerful dynasty in the region of the lower Rhine.

The most important commentary is the 9th-century Great Exegesis on the Sutra of Complete Enlightenment ( 圓覺經大疏鈔 Dajuejing Dashuchao ) by Zongmi.

It consists of several fragments making up part of a triumphal inscription in Aramaic, left most probably by Hazael of Aram-Damascus, an important international figure in the late 9th-century BCE.

In the 9th-century, during Abbasid rule, Jund Filastin was the most fertile of Syria's districts, and contained at least twenty mosques, despite its small size.

The region subsequently became part of the 9th-century Great Moravian state.

The two kingdoms that have existed in this region are both called “ Mataram ”, but the second kingdom is called Mataram Islam to distinguish it from the Hindu 9th-century Kingdom of Mataram.

In the late 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( around four hundred years after his time ) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda, or " Britain-ruler ", though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title.

The earliest account of ball games being played in Europe ( after the Roman occupation ) comes from the 9th-century Historia Brittonum, attributed to Nennius.

South Cross: A 9th-century piece originally situated at the southern end of the site's central hub.

One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th-century Baghdad, including the caliph Harun al-Rashid ( died 809 ), his vizier Jafar al-Barmaki ( d. 803 ) and the licentious poet Abu Nuwas ( d. c. 813 ).

The Old Norse form of the name was Þjóðríkr ( spelled þiaurikʀ on the 9th-century Rök Runestone ).

The 9th-century, Frankish settlement of Dicasmutha laid at the mouth of a stream near the Yser ( IJzer in Dutch ).

Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to the Trimurti, the expression of God as the Creator ( Brahma ), the Sustainer ( Vishnu ) and the Destroyer ( Shiva ).

Examples include the 9th-century Wachtendonk Psalms ( Dutch: " Wachtendonkse Psalmen "), a West Low Franconian translation of some of the Psalms on the threshold of what is considered Dutch, and the 12th-century County of Loon poet Henric van Veldeke ( 1150 – after 1184 ).

Additional evidence is provided by genealogies for Offa, Swithred and Sigered in a 9th-century West-Saxon manuscript and in two post-Conquest sources, i. e. William of Malmesbury's Gesta regum and John of Worcester's Chronicon ex Chronicis, the latter including a memorandum ( Chronicon A ) and a genealogical list ( Chronicon B ).