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The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives Penda ’ s age as fifty in 626, and credits him with a thirty-year reign, but this would put Penda at eighty years old at the time of his death, which is generally thought unlikely as two of his sons ( Wulfhere and Æthelred ) were young when he was killed.
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Anglo-Saxon and Chronicle
He travelled through Hungary, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle stated that " he went to Jerusalem in such state as no-one had done before him ".
One modern historian feels that it was Ealdred who was behind the compilation of the D version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and gives a date in the 1050s as its composition.
In 853, at the age of four, Alfred is said to have been sent to Rome where, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he was confirmed by Pope Leo IV who " anointed him as king ".
Although not mentioned by Asser or by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Alfred probably also paid the Vikings cash to leave, much as the Mercians were to do in the following year.
But, clearly, the author of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and probably Alfred himself regarded 897 as marking an important development in the naval power of Wessex.
The account of Ælfheah's death appears in the E version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
A contemporary report tells that Thorkell the Tall attempted to save Ælfheah from the mob about to kill him by offering them everything he owned except for his ship, in exchange for Ælfheah's life ; Thorkell's presence is not mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however.
In the late 9th-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( around four hundred years after his time ) Ælle is recorded as being the first bretwalda, or " Britain-ruler ", though there is no evidence that this was a contemporary title.
The 12th century chronicler Henry of Huntingdon produced an enhanced version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that included 514 as the date of Ælle's death, but this is not secure.
These occurrences, along with a Bieda who is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 501, are the only appearances of the name in early sources.
Besides the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the medieval writers William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, and Geoffrey of Monmouth used his works as sources and inspirations.
The entry for 827 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which lists the eight bretwaldas
Bretwalda ( also brytenwalda and bretenanwealda ) is an Old English word, the first record of which comes from the late 9th century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
The rulers of Mercia were generally the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings from the mid-7th to the early 9th centuries, but are not accorded the title of bretwalda by the Chronicle, which is generally thought to be because of the anti-Mercian bias of the Chroniclers.
For some time the existence of the word bretwalda in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was based in part on the list given by Bede in his Historia Ecclesiastica, led historians to think that there was perhaps a ' title ' held by Anglo-Saxon overlords.
Similarly powerful Mercia kings such as Offa are missed out of the West Saxon Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which sought to demonstrate the legitimacy of their kings to rule over other Anglo-Saxon peoples.
He may have been the son of Cynric of Wessex and the grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, whom the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle represents as the leader of the first group of Saxons to come to the land which later became Wessex.
The historical accuracy and dating of many of the events in the later Anglo-Saxon Chronicle have been called into question, and his reign is variously listed as lasting seven, seventeen, or thirty-two years.
The Chronicle records several battles of Ceawlin's between the years 556 and 592, including the first record of a battle between different groups of Anglo-Saxons, and indicates that under Ceawlin Wessex acquired significant territory, some of which was later to be lost to other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the other main source that bears on this period, in particular in an entry for the year 827 that records a list of the kings who bore the title " bretwalda ", or " Britain-ruler ".
The two main written sources for early West Saxon history are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List.
For narrative history the principal sources are the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Irish annals.
Among those noted by the Irish annals, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are Ívarr — Ímar in Irish sources — who was active from East Anglia to Ireland, Halfdán — Albdann in Irish, Healfdene in Old English — and Amlaíb or Óláfr.
Anglo-Saxon and gives
His interest in computus, the science of calculating the date of Easter, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo-Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date.
He gives some information about the months of the Anglo-Saxon calendar in chapter XV.
Tolkien has managed to incorporate into the imagery elements of plot ( the horn that was blowing ), his consistent thematic imagery of West and shadow and imagery of the constant seasonal and linear flow of irretrievable time that gives The Lord of the Rings an authentically Anglo-Saxon note.
The battle is known exclusively from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which gives few details, but it is thought to have been a major engagement.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives Penda's age as fifty in 626, and credits him with a thirty-year reign, but this would put Penda at eighty years old at the time of his death, which is generally thought unlikely as two of his sons ( Wulfhere and Æthelred ) are recorded as being young when he was killed.
Penda ( died 15 November 655 )< ref name =" fn_1 "> Manuscript A of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives the year as 655.
According to the Dartmoor National Park, the word ' clapper ' derives ultimately from an Anglo-Saxon word, cleaca, meaning ' bridging the stepping stones '; the Oxford English Dictionary gives the intermediate Medieval Latin form clapus, claperius, " of Gaulish origin ", with an initial meaning of " a pile of stones ".
His interest in computus, the science of calculating the date of Easter, was also useful in the account he gives of the controversy between the British and Anglo-Saxon church over the correct method of obtaining the Easter date.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, however, gives the year of his death at 781.
Anglo-Saxon and Penda
The last pagan Anglo-Saxon king, Penda of Mercia, died in 655.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not mention Eowa ; though it does date Penda's reign as the thirty years from 626 to 656, when Penda was killed at the battle of the Winwaed.
* Keynes, Simon, " Penda " in M. Lapidge, et al., ( eds ), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England.
Penda is not recorded as overlord of the other southern Anglo-Saxon kings, but he became the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings after he defeated Oswald.
The Angles strengthened their influence over the area in 628, when ( says the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ), the West Saxons fought the ( Anglian ) Penda of Mercia at Cirencester and afterwards came to terms.
Penda had continued in his traditional paganism despite the widespread conversions of Anglo-Saxon monarchs to Christianity, and a number of Christian kings had suffered death in defeat against him ; after Penda's death, Mercia was converted, and all the kings who ruled thereafter ( including Penda's sons Peada, Wulfhere and Æthelred ) were Christian.
The Battle of Maserfield ( or Maserfeld, " marsh ( border ) field "; Welsh: Maes Cogwy ), was fought on 5 August 641 or 642, between the Anglo-Saxon kings Oswald of Northumbria and Penda of Mercia, ending in Oswald's defeat, death, and dismemberment.
The Battle of Maserfield is thought to have been fought here in 642, between the Anglo-Saxon kings Penda and Oswald.
However the name is said to derive from an Anglo-Saxon princess named Wilburh, a daughter or close kinswoman of Penda King of the Mercians.
His dates are sometimes given in genealogies as birth in 570, the beginning of his reign in 593, and death in either 606 or 615, but with no apparent evidence ; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle just mentions him as father of Penda, with no further detail.
After this, the Kingdom of Northumbria fell into disarray, divided between its sub-kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia, but the war continued: according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, " Cadwallon and Penda went and did for the whole land of Northumbria ".
Bede described Aldfrith as a scholar, and his interest in learning distinguishes him from the earlier Anglo-Saxon warrior kings, such as Penda.
Penda was in power by 633 ( and possibly by 626, if the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is correct ).
The name is thought by many toponymists to mean ' Penda's Ford ', possibly a crossing over the nearby River Penk named after the Anglo-Saxon King, Penda of Mercia who reigned in Mercia from the year 626.
Penda exceptionally allied himself with the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd against his Anglo-Saxon neighbours.
The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo-Saxon Mercians under Penda into an alliance with the Welsh King Cadwallon of Gwynedd, and together they invaded Edwin's lands and defeated and killed him at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633.
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