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The rulers of Mercia were generally the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kings from the mid-7th to the early 9th centuries, but are not accorded the title of bretwalda by the Chronicle, which is generally thought to be because of the anti-Mercian bias of the Chroniclers.
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rulers and Mercia
During Constantine's reign the rulers of the southern kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia, later the Kingdom of England, extended their authority northwards into the disputed kingdoms of Northumbria.
A story in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland, perhaps referring to events some time after 911, claims that Queen Æthelflæd, who ruled in Mercia, allied with the Irish and northern rulers against the Norsemen on the Irish sea coasts of Northumbria.
The Essex kings issued coins that echoed those issued by Cunobelin simultaneously asserting a link to the first century rulers while emphasising independence from Mercia.
After Mercia was annexed by Wessex in the early 10th century, the West Saxon rulers divided it into shires modelled after their own system, cutting across traditional Mercian divisions.
Gwynedd was the most powerful of these kingdoms in the 6th century and 7th century, under rulers such as Maelgwn Gwynedd ( died 547 ) and Cadwallon ap Cadfan ( died 634 / 5 ) who in alliance with Penda of Mercia was able to lead his armies as far as Northumbria and control it for a period.
In the same year the Shropshire landowner Eadric the Wild, in alliance with the Welsh rulers of Gwynedd and Powys, raised a revolt in western Mercia, fighting Norman forces based in Hereford.
This could have been an obligation placed on Cuthred by Mercia ; earlier kings had similarly assisted Penda and Wulfhere, two strong seventh-century Mercian rulers.
Other subject rulers seem to have been established elsewhere in Mercia.
Bede does not list him as one of the rulers who exercised imperium, but modern historians consider that the rise to primacy of the kingdom of Mercia began in his reign.
The district remained in possession of the rulers of Mercia until the fall of that kingdom.
The Anglian collection of genealogies, which was created in the last years of the reign of Offa of Mercia, listed the rulers of Lindsey.
Following a period of military alliance with Mercian rulers, particularly King Penda, Pengwern was absobed by neighbouring Mercia after 642 AD.
Penda, the pagan king of Mercia, continually campaigned against Northumbrian rulers, usually with the support of the Christian Welsh princes.
Conversely, Oswiu defeated and killed Penda in 655, causing Mercia to descend into disunity for a more than a decade, and allowing the Northumbrian rulers to intervene in Mercian affairs throughout that period.
The booty was sent to Charlemagne in Aachen and redistributed to all his followers and even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia.
However, under King Penda of Mercia, himself a pagan, Christian missionaries from Lindisfarne were allowed to preach in the kingdom ( around 653 ) and following Penda's death, the rulers of Mercia became Christian and a Diocese of Mercia was created in 656.
Shrewsbury was probably founded as a town in the 8th century by the Saxon rulers Mercia, who needed a fortified burh to control the Severn river-crossing on the road between the burhs of Hereford and Chester.
rulers and were
The French were now occupying Gascony and Flanders on the technical grounds that their rulers had forfeited them by a breach of the feudal contract.
The intellectual society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy.
It is possible that the reguli were the rulers of the two pagi in each kingdom.
He was supported by the bulk of Iberian peoples, who were discontent with the heavy taxation imposed upon them by their spend-thrift rulers.
In some other respects the Athenians were not the old popular rulers they had been at first ; and if they had more than their fair share of service, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce any that tried to leave the confederacy.
The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds.
However, there is controversy about whether they were genuinely recorded at the time or merely ascribed to ancient rulers by posterity.
All were said to have been remembered as just and pious rulers.
However, the Chauhan rulers were allowed autonomy upon the payment of a heavy tribute to the conquerors.
The archbishops of Riga were also the secular rulers of Riga until 1561 when during the reformation the territory converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism and all church territories were secularized.
With the transition of rulers and the young age and inexperience of Jehoiachin, they were not able to stand against Chaldean forces.
In effect, the shorter the ruler, the longer the measured border ; thus, the Spanish and Portuguese geographers were using different-length rulers.
Wisdom's films, in which he usually played a family man worker who outsmarts his boss, were some of the few Western films considered acceptable by the country's communist rulers, thus Albanians grew familiar and attached to Wisdom.
Neo-feudal landholdings of the Song and Mongol periods were expropriated by the Ming rulers.
Thereafter all republican rulers were styled " president ".
The short-lived 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon ( 6th century BC ) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty, although only the first four rulers of this dynasty were known to be Chaldeans, and the last ruler, Nabonidus ( and his son and regent Belshazzar ) was known to be from Assyria.
Although these writings were considered too radical at the time for Britain's new rulers, they later came to be cited by Whigs, radicals and supporters of the American Revolution.
As a trustee, Government was expected to serve the interests of the people, not the rulers, and rulers were expected to follow the laws enacted by legislatures.
In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strongpoints were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purposes.
The rulers were the great patrons of art, and the various crafts underwent a simultaneous and parallel development, influencing each other.
In 1848, several revolutions broke out in Europe as rulers were confronted with popular demands for liberal constitutions and more democratic government.
rulers and generally
Francis I generally opposed a general council due to partial support of the Protestant cause within France, and in 1533 he further complicated matters when suggesting a general council to include both Catholic and Protestant rulers of Europe that would devise a compromise between the two theological systems.
Completely overshadowed by Prussia and Austria, the smaller German states were generally characterized by political lethargy and administrative inefficiency, often compounded by rulers who were more concerned with their mistresses and their hunting dogs than with the affairs of state.
The Florentine Codex, made by Bernardino de Sahagún and his native informants of Tenochtitlan-subjugated Tlatelolco, generally portrays Tlatelolco and Tlatelolcan rulers in a favorable light relative to the Tenocha, and Moctezuma in particular is depicted unfavorably as a weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent ruler ( Restall 2003 ).
One of the strongest rulers in the anti-Nobunaga alliance was Takeda Shingen, in spite of his generally peaceful relationship and a nominal alliance with the Oda clan.
The numbering of German rulers generally follows a sequence that leads back to the Carolingian empire and the East Frankish kingdom that emerged from it.
Historically, the ideal of Catholic political organization was a tightly interwoven structure of the Catholic Church and secular rulers generally known as Christendom, with the Catholic Church having a favoured place in the political structure.
The rulers of Nekhen, where Horus was the patron deity, are generally believed to have unified Upper Egypt, including Naqada, under their sway.
The hegemonic nature of the Aztec empire can be seen in the fact that generally local rulers were restored to their positions once their city-state was conquered and the Aztecs did not interfere in local affairs as long as the tribute payments were made.
Huang ( 皇 ) was the title generally used for divine entities and legendary / deified rulers, and Di ( 帝 ) was used for feudal rulers of vassals who were themselves rulers of their own principalities.
Mfalume is the ( Ki ) Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:
Once theorized to be ballplayers, it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers.
These rulers are generally regarded as morally upright and benevolent rulers, examples to be emulated by latter day kings and emperors.
Several rulers of Kievan Rus – Mikhail of Chernigov and Mikhail of Tver among them – were reportedly assassinated in Sarai, but the Khans were generally tolerant and even released the Russian Orthodox Church from paying taxes.
Regardless, it is generally agreed that Yamato rulers possessed keyhole kofun culture and held hegemony in Yamato up to the 4th century.
The burghers generally, however, had not learned the need of discipline, of confidence in their elected rulers, or that to carry on a government taxes must be levied.
These ideas became known to his Spanish rulers, and to assuage them he wrote a philippic called the Mars gallicus ( 1635 ), a violent attack on French ambitions generally, and on Cardinal Richelieu's indifference to international Catholic interests in particular.
Popular coups generally installed tyrants, who often became or remained popular rulers, at least in the early part of their reigns.
However, regional mobility was low, especially in the countryside, which generally did not attract newcomers, but experienced rural exodus, so that today's denominational make-up in Germany and Switzerland still quite well represents the former boundaries among territories ruled by Calvinist, Catholic, or Lutheran rulers in the 16th century.
Waldeck had raised a battalion of infantry in 1681 but for much of the subsequent history leading up to the Napoleonic Wars, Waldeckers generally served as ' mercenaries ' ( actually hired out by the rulers of Waldeck ) in foreign service.
Skandagupta, son and successor of Kumaragupta I is generally considered to be the last of the great Gupta rulers.
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